Braereth

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Braereth is a collection of three fairly mutually intelligible dialects. Classical Braereth was a Western Romance language spoken in pockets of mountainous areas from the Alps to the Carpathians until the mid-sixteenth century.

The modern language is still often written in the classical orthography, though the two dialects that have emerged from it sometimes diverge sharply. The dialect known as Tenibvreth is much more conservative to the original phonology. The Eomentesa dialect, however, has a sound that is much more similar to modern Iberian languages, and a recent spelling reform has served to further distinguish the two.

For the purposes of this text, We will use the classical spelling of the language; where appropriate and necessary, dialectal forms will be shown in double-brackets, e.g. undix [unˈdi] ‘where’, but Tenibvrithubvi⟫ [ˈuvi] or Eomentesaquondex⟫ [kwonˈde]. Specific differences in the phonologies of the two modern dialects are described under Phonology.

Phonology

Classical Braereth

Consonants Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar   Vowels Front Back
Plosive p · b t̪ · d̪   c · ɟ k · ɡ High i u
Affricate · b͡β   t͡s · d͡z t͡ʃ · d͡ʒ   Mid e o
Fricative ɸ · β θ · [ð] s · [z] ʃ · (ʒ) (x) · Low a
Nasal m   ɲ [ŋ] Diphthongs To Front To Back
Lateral     ʎ   High ui̯ ou̯
Trill     r [ɾ]   Mid ei̯ eu̯
Approximant w     j   Low ae̯ au̯

* Characters in square brackets are allophones; they are not phonemic.
* Characters in parentheses only occur in borrowings.

Tenibvreth Dialect

The Tenibvreth dialect is marked by a weakening and near-complete deletion of final vowels, a strengthened palatal series, and diverse realizations of the lateral series. A large amount of the vocabulary is borrowed from Gothic and some other Germanic influences as well as Slavic.

Consonants Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Dorsal   Vowels Front Back
Plosive p · b   t · d   k · ɡ High i, ɪ u, ʊ
Affricate     t͡s · d͡z t͡ɕ · d͡ʑ   Mid e o
Fricative f · v θ · [ð] s · z ɕ · ʑ χ · Low a, ə
Nasal m   n ɲ [ŋ] Diphthongs To Front To Back
Lateral   [ɬ] · ɮ [ʎ] [ɫ] High ui̯ iu̯
Trill     r [ɾ] [ʀ] Mid   eu̯
Approximant ʋ     j   Low ai̯ au̯

Eomentesa Dialect

Consonants Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Dorsal   Vowels Front Back
Plosive p · b t̪ · d̪     k · ɡ High i u, uː
Affricate     t͡s · d͡z     Mid e̞, e̞ː
Fricative f · v θ · s · z (ç) ·   Low a
Nasal m     [ŋ] Diphthongs To Front To Back
Lateral         High    
Trill     r [ɾ]     Mid    
  Low au̯

Orthographic and Phonemic Mapping

While all dialects of Braereth may be written in the classical orthography, there is also a reform spelling of Eomentesa, presented here in double-brackets (⟪ ⟫) in the Eom. column where the spelling differs from the traditional. Tenibvreth is written in the classical orthography, though final vowels are often elided, and certain folk spellings have become common where pronunciation has changed, e.g. ⟪flura⟫ or ⟪floura⟫ for flora, or substituting ⟨qv⟩ for ⟨qu⟩ (ecquilju → ⟪ecqvilj⟫) or ⟨i⟩ for ⟨ei⟩ (treicje → ⟪tricj⟫). When final vowels are dropped, final ⟨e⟩ will often become ⟨’⟩ to indicate palatalization (grande → ⟪grand’⟫), and sometimes final ⟨tu⟩ will be changed to ⟨th⟩ (tutu → ⟪tuth⟫).

Orth. Brae. Ten. Eom. Example Classical Tenibvreth Eomentesa Environment/Notes
a a a a ath ‘to’ [aθ] [aθ] ath
[ats]
 
ae ae̯ ai̯ e̞ː laectje ‘milk’ [ˈl̪ae̯.cʧe̞] [lai̯ʨ] laets
[l̪eːʦ]
 
aou au̯ au̯ a.o̞ saou ‘salt’ [sau̯] [sau̯] sao
[ˈsa.o̞]
Only occurs word-finally.
au au̯ au̯ au̯ aubvru ‘tree’ [au̯.b͡βru] [au̯vʀ(ʊ)] aubro
[ˈau̯.bro̞]
 
au au̯ au̯ a.o̞ normau ‘normal’ [n̪orˈmau̯] [norˈmau̯] normao
[n̪o̞rˈma.o̞]
/_#
b b b b baclu ‘stick’ [ˈba.kl̪u] [bakɬ] baclo
[ˈba.klo̞]
 
bl bl̪ bl̪ blancu ‘white’ [ˈbl̪aŋ.ku] [bɮaŋk] blanco
[ˈbl̪aŋ.ko̞]
 
bv b͡β v b ribveu ‘level’ [ri.ˈb͡βeu̯] [riˈveu̯] riveo
[riˈbe̞.o̞]
Only occurs word-internally.
c k k k cou ‘with’ [kou̯] [ku] co
[ko̞]
 
c c ʨ ʦ glacja ‘ice’ [ˈɡl̪a.ca] [ˈɡɮa.ʨ(a)] glatsa
[ˈɡl̪a.ʦa]
/_{i,e}
c c ʨ s centrau ‘central’ [ce̞n̪ˈt̪ɾau̯] [ʨenˈtɾau̯] sentrao
[sen̪ˈt̪ɾa.o̞]
/#_{i,e}
cj c ʨ ʦ radjicja ‘root’ [raˈʤi.ca] [raˈʥiʨ(a)] radzitsa
[raˈʣi.ʦa]
 
cj c ʨ s cjambiare ‘to change’ [camˈbja.re] [ʨamˈbjar̝(ɪ)] sambiar
[sam.biˈar]
/#_
cl kl̪ kl̪ clubvra ‘snake’ [ˈkl̪u.b͡βra] [ˈkɬu.vra] klubra
[ˈkl̪u.bra]
 
ctj ʨ ʦ fruictju ‘fruit’ [ˈɸrui̯.cʧu] [ˈfruj.ʨ(ʊ)] frutso
[ˈfruː.ʦo̞]
 
d d dente ‘tooth’ [ˈd̪en̪.t̪e] [denʨ(ɪ)] dent
[d̪e̞n̪t̪]
 
d ð ð cjaudu ‘hot’ [ˈcau̯.ðu] [ˈʨau̯ð(ʊ)] saudo
[ˈsau̯.d̪o̞]
/S_S
dj ʤ ʥ ʣ codjax ‘head of a poppy’ [koˈʤa] [koˈʥa] codzà
[koˈdza]
 
dj ʤ ʥ z djurnu ‘day’ [ˈʤurn̪u] [ʥu(r)ɲ(ʊ)] zurno
[ˈzur.n̪o̞]
/#_
e cjanje ‘dog’ [ˈcaɲe] [ʨaɲ(ɪ)] sang
[saŋ]
/_#
e e dente ‘tooth’ [ˈd̪en̪.t̪e] [denʨ(ɪ)] dent
[d̪e̞n̪t̪]
 
ei ei̯ i deicje ‘ten’ [d̪ei̯.ce] [diʨ(ɪ)] dets
[de̞ʦ]
 
eu eu̯ eu̯ e̞.o seuva ‘forest’ [ˈseu̯.va] [seu̯.va] seova
[ˈse̞.o.va]
 
f ɸ f f folja ‘leaf’ [ˈɸo̞.ʎa] [foɮ(a)] folia
[fo̞.li.a]
 
fl ɸl fl flora ‘flower’ [ɸl̪o.ra] [fɬu.ra] flora
[flo̞.ra]
 
g ɡ ɡ ɡ grande ‘big’ [ˈɡran̪.d̪e̞] [ɡranʥ(ɪ)] grandz
[ɡranʣ]
 
g ɟ ʥ dz gindrau ‘general’ [ɟin̪ˈd̪ɾau̯] [ʥinˈdɾau̯] zindrao
[zenˈdɾa.o̞]
/_{i,e
gj ɟ ʥ dz gjalu ‘yellow’ [ˈɟa.l̪u] [ʥaɮ(ʊ)] zialo
[zi.a.lo̞]
 
gl ɡl ɡɮ ɡl glacja ‘ice’ [ˈɡl̪a.ca] [ˈɡɮa.ʨ(a)] glatsa
[ˈɡla.ʦa]
 
gnj ŋɲ ŋɲ nj ignju ‘fire [iŋ.ɲu] [iŋ.ɲ(ʊ)] inio
[i.ni.o̞]
 
i i i i ilj ‘the’ [iʎ] [iɮ] il
[il]
 
i j j i. iecru ‘liver’ [ˈje̞.kru] [jekʀ(ʊ)] iecro
[iˈe.kro̞]
/_V (!/u/)
iu ju iu̯ i.u iustu ‘right’ [ˈju.st̪u] [iu̯st(ʊ)] iusto
[iˈu.sto̞]
 
l lape ‘stone’ [ˈl̪a.pe̞] [lap(ɪ)] xxxxx
[lap]
 
lj ʎ ɮ l(i) aljis ‘others’ [ˈa.ʎis] [ˈa.ɮis] alis
[ˈa.lis]
 
lj ʎ ɮ l ilj ‘the’ [iʎ] [iɮ] il
[il]
/_#
m m m m mourire ‘to die’ [mou̯ˈri.re] [muˈrir̝(ɪ)] morir
[mo̞ˈrir]
 
n n n n nascere ‘to be born’ [ˈn̪asce̞.re] [ˈnas.ʨer̝(ɪ)] natser
[ˈna.ʦe̞r]
 
nc ŋk ŋk ŋk ginclu ‘knee’ [ˈɟiŋ.kl̪u] [ʥiŋkɬ(ʊ)] zinclo
[ˈziŋ.klo̞]
 
ncj ɲc ŋkʨ nts louncjanu ‘far’ [l̪ou̯ɲˈca.n̪u] [luŋˈkʨan(ʊ)] lontsano
[lo̞nˈʦa.no̞]
 
nctj ɲcʃ ŋkʨ nts vinctje ‘twenty’ [ˈβiŋk.ʧe̞] [viŋkʨ(ɪ)] vintse
[ˈvin.ʦe̞]
 
ng ŋɡ ŋɡ ŋɡ loungu ‘long’ [ˈl̪ou̯ŋ.ɡu] [luŋɡ(ʊ)] longo
[lo̞ŋ.ɡo̞]
 
ng ɲɟ ŋʥ ndzj pungere ‘to stab’ [puɲˈɟe.re] [puŋˈʥer̝(ɪ)] pundzer
[punˈʣe̞r]
/_{i,e
ngj ɲɟ ŋʥ ndzj mengjare ‘to eat’ [meɲˈɟa.re] [meŋˈʥar̝(ɪ)] mandzar
[manˈʣar]
 
nj ɲ ɲ nj anju ‘year’ [ˈa.ɲu] [ˈa.ɲ(ʊ)] anio
[ˈa.njo̞]
 
nje ɲe̞ ɲ ŋ cjanje ‘dog’ [ˈca.ɲe̞] [ʨaɲ(ɪ)] sang
[saŋ]
/_#
o o ouvu ‘egg’ [ˈou̯.vu] [uv(ʊ)] ovo
[ˈo̞.vo̞]
 
ou ou̯ u oudire ‘to hear’ [ou̯ˈði.re] [uˈðir̝(ɪ)] odir
[o̞ˈdir]
 
p p p p pelju ‘hair’ [ˈpe̞.ʎu] [peɮ(ʊ)] pelio
[pe̞.li.o̞]
 
pl pl pl pluvia ‘rain’ [ˈpl̪u.vja] [ˈpɬu.vja] pluvia
[ˈplu.vi.a]
 
qh x χ ç aqhma ‘life force’ - [ˈaχ.ma] achma
[ˈaç.ma]
Only in borrowings.
qh x~h χ qheru ‘a kind of deer’ - [χer(ʊ)] ero
[eˈro̞]
/_{i,e. Only in borrowings.
qu kw kw quei ‘what’ [kwei̯] [kʋi] que
[kwe̞]
 
qu kw k kw equou ‘horse’ [ˈe̞.kwu] [ˈe.ku] equo
[ˈe̞.kwo̞]
/_{o,u
r r r r ridere ‘to laugh’ [riˈðe.re] [riˈðer̝(ɪ)] rider
[riˈder]
 
r ɾ ɾ ɾ trei(di)cje ‘thirteen’ [ˈt̪ɾei̯ðice̞] [tɾiʨ(ɪ)] trets
[tɾe̞ʦ]
/[+dnt]_
rj ri terja ‘earth’ [ˈt̪e̞.r̝a] [ˈte.r̝(a)] teria
[ˈte̞.ri.a]
 
s s s s secjare ‘to cut’ [se̞ˈca.re] [se.ʨar̝(ɪ)] setsar
[se̞.ʦar]
 
s s s s espousa ‘wife’ [eˈspou̯.za] [eˈspu.za] espoza
[e̞ˈspo̞.za]
/S_S
sc sc sj escire ‘to know’ [esˈci.re] [esˈʨir̝(ɪ)] esir
[eˈsir]
/_{i,e
scj sc sj escjavare ‘to dig’ [es.caˈβa.re] [es.ʨaˈvar̝(ɪ)] esiavar
[es.ja.var]
 
sj ʃ ɕ s(j) sji ‘yes’ [ʃi] [ɕi] si
[si]
 
t t t t tutu ‘all’ [ˈt̪u.t̪u] [tut(ʊ)] tuto
[ˈtu.to̞]
 
th θ θ t eth ‘and’ [e̞θ] [eθ] eth
[e̞t]
 
tj ʧ ʨ ts setje ‘seven’ [se̞.ʧe̞] [seʨ(ɪ)] sets
[se̞ʦ]
 
tz ts ts ts tzincje ‘five’ [ˈt̪siŋ.ce̞] [tsiŋkʨ(ɪ)] sintse
[ˈsin.ʦe]
/#_
tz dz dz ts pitzitu ‘small’ [piˈd̪zi.t̪u] [piˈdzit(ʊ)] pedzito
[peˈʣi.to̞]
/S_S
u u u u uricla ‘ear’ [uˈri.kl̪a] [uˈri.kɬa] oricla
[o̞ˈri.kla]
 
ui ui̯ ui̯ u luictjare ‘to fight’ [l̪ui̯kˈcʃa.re] [lui̯ˈʨar̝(ɪ)] lutsar
[luˈʦar]
 
v β v v voulere ‘to want’ [vou̯ˈl̪e.re] [vuˈler̝(ɪ)] voler
[vo̞ˈle̞r]
 
x (Indicates stress.) iljax ‘there’ [iˈʎa] [iˈɮa] alià
[a.ˈlja]
Indicates stress.
z z z z xxxxx
In borrowings.
zj ʒ ʑ zj frezjire ‘to lead astray’ [freˈʒi.re] [freˈʑir̝(ɪ)] frezir
[fre̞ˈzir]
In borrowings.