Braereth

Braereth is a collection of three fairly mutually intelligible dialects. Classical Braereth was a Western Romance language spoken in pockets of mountainous areas from the Alps to the Carpathians until the mid-sixteenth century.

The modern language is still often written in the classical orthography, though the two dialects that have emerged from it sometimes diverge sharply. The dialect known as Tenibvreth is much more conservative to the original phonology. The Eomentesa dialect, however, has a sound that is much more similar to modern Iberian languages, and a recent spelling reform has served to further distinguish the two.

For the purposes of this text, We will use the classical spelling of the language; where appropriate and necessary, dialectal forms will be shown in double-brackets, e.g. undix [unˈdi] ‘where’, but Tenibvrith ⟪ubvi⟫ [ˈuvi] or Eomentesa ⟪quondex⟫ [kwonˈde]. Specific differences in the phonologies of the two modern dialects are described under Phonology.

Phonology

Classical Braereth

Consonants	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar		Vowels	Front	Back
Plosive	p · b	t̪ · d̪		c · ɟ	k · ɡ		High	i	u
Affricate	· b͡β		t͡s · d͡z	t͡ʃ · d͡ʒ			Mid	e	o
Fricative	ɸ · β	θ · [ð]	s · [z]	ʃ · (ʒ)	(x) ·		Low	a
Nasal	m	n̪		ɲ	[ŋ]		Diphthongs	To Front	To Back
Lateral		l̪		ʎ			High	ui̯	ou̯
Trill			r [ɾ]	r̝			Mid	ei̯	eu̯
Approximant	w			j			Low	ae̯	au̯

* Characters in square brackets are allophones; they are not phonemic.
* Characters in parentheses only occur in borrowings.

Tenibvreth Dialect

The Tenibvreth dialect is marked by a weakening and near-complete deletion of final vowels, a strengthened palatal series, and diverse realizations of the lateral series. A large amount of the vocabulary is borrowed from Gothic and some other Germanic influences as well as Slavic.

Consonants	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Dorsal		Vowels	Front	Back
Plosive	p · b		t · d		k · ɡ		High	i, ɪ	u, ʊ
Affricate			t͡s · d͡z	t͡ɕ · d͡ʑ			Mid	e	o
Fricative	f · v	θ · [ð]	s · z	ɕ · ʑ	χ ·		Low	a, ə
Nasal	m		n	ɲ	[ŋ]		Diphthongs	To Front	To Back
Lateral		l̪	[ɬ] · ɮ	[ʎ]	[ɫ]		High	ui̯	iu̯
Trill			r [ɾ]	r̝	[ʀ]		Mid		eu̯
Approximant	ʋ			j			Low	ai̯	au̯

Eomentesa Dialect

Consonants	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Dorsal		Vowels	Front	Back
Plosive	p · b	t̪ · d̪			k · ɡ		High	i	u, uː
Affricate			t͡s · d͡z				Mid	e̞, e̞ː	o̞
Fricative	f · v	θ ·	s · z	(ç) ·			Low	a
Nasal	m	n̪			[ŋ]		Diphthongs	To Front	To Back
Lateral		l̪					High
Trill			r [ɾ]				Mid
							Low		au̯

Orthographic and Phonemic Mapping

While all dialects of Braereth may be written in the classical orthography, there is also a reform spelling of Eomentesa, presented here in double-brackets (⟪ ⟫) in the Eom. column where the spelling differs from the traditional. Tenibvreth is written in the classical orthography, though final vowels are often elided, and certain folk spellings have become common where pronunciation has changed, e.g. ⟪floura⟫ for flora, or substituting ⟨qv⟩ for ⟨qu⟩ (ecquilju → ⟪ecqvilj⟫) or ⟨i⟩ for ⟨ei⟩ (treicje → ⟪tricj⟫). When final vowels are dropped, final ⟨e⟩ will often become ⟨’⟩ to indicate palatalization (grande → ⟪grand’⟫), and sometimes final ⟨tu⟩ will be changed to ⟨th⟩ (tutu → ⟪tuth⟫).

Orth.	Brae.	Ten.	Eom.	Example	Classical	Tenibvreth	Eomentesa	Environment/Notes
a	a	a	a	ath ‘to’	[aθ]	[aθ]	[ aθ]
ae	ae̯	ai̯	e̞ː	laectje ‘milk’	[ˈlae̯.cʧe]	⟪laectj⟫ [lai̯ʨ]	⟪léts⟫ [le̞ːts]
aou	au̯	au̯	a.o̞	saou ‘salt’	[sau̯]	[sau̯]	⟪sao⟫ [ˈsa.o̞]	Only occurs word-finally.
au	au̯	au̯	au̯	aubvru ‘tree’	[au̯.bβru]	⟪auvr⟫ [au̯vʀ]	⟪aubro⟫ [ˈau̯.bro̞]
au	au̯	au̯	a.o̞	normau ‘normal’	[norˈmau̯]	[norˈmau̯]	⟪normao⟫ [n̪o̞rˈma.o̞]	/_#
b	b	b	b	baclu ‘stick’	[ˈba.klu]	⟪bacl⟫ [bakɬ]	⟪baclo⟫ [ˈba.kl̪o̞]
bl	bl	bɮ	bl̪	blancu ‘white’	[ˈblaŋ.ku]	⟪blanc⟫ [bɮaŋk]	⟪blanco⟫ [ˈbl̪aŋ.ko̞]
bv	bβ	v	b	ribveu ‘level’	[riˈbβeu̯]	[riˈveu̯]	⟪ribeo⟫ [riˈbe̞.o̞]	Only occurs word-internally.
c	k	k	k	cou ‘with’	[kou̯]	[ku]	⟪co⟫ [ko̞]
c	c	ʨ	ts	glacja ‘ice’ (bad example?)	[ˈɡla.ca]	[ˈɡɮa.ʨa]	⟪glatsa⟫ [ˈɡl̪a.tsa]	/_{i,e}
c	c	ʨ	s	centrau ‘central’	[cenˈtɾau̯]	[ʨenˈtɾau̯]	⟪sentrao⟫ [sen̪ˈt̪ɾa.o̞]	/#_{i,e}
cj	c	ʨ	ts	radjicja ‘root’	[raˈʤi.ca]	[raˈʥiʨa]	⟪radzitsa⟫ [raˈdzi.tsa]
cj	c	ʨ	s	cjambiare ‘to change’	[camˈbja.re]	⟪cjambiar⟫ [ʨamˈbjaʀ]	⟪sambiar⟫ [sam.biˈar]	/#_
cl	kl	kɬ	kl̪	clubvra ‘snake’	[ˈklu.bβra]	[ˈkɬu.vra]	⟪clubra⟫ [ˈkl̪u.bra]
ctj	cʃ	ʨ	ts	fruictju ‘fruit’	[ˈɸrui̯.cʧu]	⟪fruictj⟫ [ˈfruj.ʨ]	⟪frútso⟫ [ˈfruː.tso̞]
d	d̪	d	d̪	dente ‘tooth’	[ˈden.te]	⟪dent’⟫ [denʨ]	⟪dent⟫ [d̪e̞n̪t̪]
d	ð	ð	d̪	cjaudu ‘hot’	[ˈcau̯.ðu]	⟪cjaud⟫ [ˈʨau̯ð]	⟪saudo⟫ [ˈsau̯.d̪o̞]	/S_S
dj	ʤ	ʥ	dz	codjax ‘head of a poppy’	[koˈʤa]	[koˈʥa]	⟪codzà⟫ [ko̞ˈdza]
dj	ʤ	ʥ	z	djurnu ‘day’	[ˈʤurnu]	⟪djurn’⟫ [ʥu(r)ɲ]	⟪zurno⟫ [ˈzur.n̪o̞]	/#_
e	e̞	∅	∅	cjanje ‘dog’	[ˈcaɲe]	⟪cjanj⟫ [ʨaɲ]	⟪sang⟫ [saŋ]	/_#
e	e	e	e̞	dente ‘tooth’ (new example?)	[ˈden.te]	⟪dent’⟫ [denʨ]	⟪dent⟫ [d̪e̞n̪t̪]
ei	ei̯	i	e̞	deicje ‘ten’	[dei̯.ce]	⟪dicj⟫ [diʨ]	⟪dets⟫ [d̪e̞ts]
eu	eu̯	eu̯	e̞.o	seuva ‘forest’	[ˈseu̯.va]	[seu̯.va]	⟪seova⟫ [ˈse̞.o.va]
f	ɸ	f	f	folja ‘leaf’	[ˈɸo.ʎa]	[foɮa]	⟪folia⟫ [fo̞.li.a]
fl	ɸl	fɬ	fl	flora ‘flower’	[ɸlo.ra]	⟪floura⟫ [fɬu.ra]	⟪flora⟫ [flo̞.ra]
g	ɡ	ɡ	ɡ	grande ‘big’	[ˈɡran.de]	⟪grand’⟫ [ɡranʥ]	⟪granz⟫ [ɡrandz]
g	ɟ	ʥ	dz	gindrau ‘general’	[ɟinˈdɾau̯]	[ʥinˈdɾau̯]	⟪zendrao⟫ [zenˈdɾa.o̞]	/_{i,e
gj	ɟ	ʥ	dz	gjalu ‘yellow’	[ˈɟa.lu]	⟪gjal⟫ [ʥaɮ]	⟪zialo⟫ [zi.a.l̪o̞]
gl	ɡl	ɡɮ	ɡl	glacja ‘ice’	[ˈɡla.ca]	[ˈɡɮa.ʨa]	⟪glatsa⟫ [ˈɡla.tsa]
gnj	ŋɲ	ŋɲ	nj	ignju ‘fire	[iŋ.ɲu]	⟪ignj⟫ [iŋ.ɲ]	⟪inio⟫ [i.ni.o̞]
i	i	i	i	ilj ‘the’	[iʎ]	[iʎ]	⟪il⟫ [il]
i	j	j	i.	iecru ‘liver’	[ˈje.kru]	⟪iecr⟫ [jekʀ]	⟪iecro⟫ [iˈe.kro̞]	/_V (!/u/)
iu	ju	iu̯	i.u	iustu ‘right’	[ˈju.stu]	⟪iust⟫ [iu̯st]	⟪iusto⟫ [iˈu.sto̞]
l	l	l	l̪	lape ‘stone’	[ˈla.pe]	⟪lap⟫ [lap]	⟪lap⟫ [l̪ap]
lj	ʎ	ɮ	l(i)	aljis ‘others’	[ˈa.ʎis]	[ˈa.ɮis]	⟪alis⟫ [ˈa.lis]
lj	ʎ	ʎ	l	ilj ‘the’ (new example?)	[iʎ]	[iʎ]	⟪il⟫ [il]	/_#
m	m	m	m	mourire ‘to die’	[mou̯ˈri.re]	⟪mourir⟫ [muˈriʀ]	⟪morir⟫ [mo̞ˈrir]
n	n	n	n	nascere ‘to be born’	[ˈnasce.re]	⟪nascer⟫ [ˈnas.ʨeʀ]	⟪naser⟫ [ˈna.se̞r]
nc	ŋk	ŋk	ŋk	ginclu ‘knee’	[ˈɟiŋ.klu]	⟪gincl⟫ [ʥiŋkɬ]	⟪zinclo⟫ [ˈziŋ.klo̞]
ncj	ɲc	ŋkʨ	nts	louncjanu ‘far’	[lou̯ɲˈca.nu]	⟪louncjan⟫ [luŋˈkʨan]	⟪lonsano⟫ [lo̞nˈtsa.no̞]
nctj	ɲcʃ	ŋkʨ	nts	vinctje ‘twenty’	[ˈβiɲ.ʧe]	⟪vinctj⟫ [viŋkʨ]	⟪vinse⟫ [ˈvin.tse̞]
ng	ŋɡ	ŋɡ	ŋɡ	loungu ‘long’	[ˈlou̯ŋ.ɡu]	⟪loung⟫ [luŋɡ]	⟪longo⟫ [lo̞ŋ.ɡo̞]
ng	ɲɟ	ŋʥ	ndzj	pungere ‘to stab’	[puɲˈɟe.re]	⟪punger⟫ [puŋ(ɡ)ˈʥeʀ]	⟪punzer⟫ [punˈdze̞r]	/_{i,e
ngj	ɲɟ	ŋʥ	ndzj	mengjare ‘to eat’	[meɲˈɟa.re]	⟪mengjar⟫ [meŋ(ɡ)ˈʥaʀ]	⟪manzar⟫ [manˈdzar]
nj	ɲ	ɲ	ni	anju ‘year’	[ˈa.ɲu]	⟪anj⟫ [ˈa.ɲ]	⟪anio⟫ [ˈa.ni.o̞]
nje	ɲe̞	ɲ	ŋ	cjanje ‘dog’ (new example?)	[ˈca.ɲe]	⟪cjanj⟫ [ʨaɲ]	⟪sang⟫ [saŋ]	/_#
o	o	o	o̞	ouvu ‘egg’ (wrong example?)	[ˈou̯.vu]	⟪ouv⟫ [uv]	⟪ovo⟫ [ˈo̞.vo̞]
ou	ou̯	u	o̞	ouvu ‘egg’	[ˈou̯.vu]	⟪ouv⟫ [uv]	⟪ovo⟫ [ˈo̞.vo̞]
p	p	p	p	pelju ‘hair’	[ˈpe.ʎu]	⟪pelj⟫ [peʎ]	⟪pelio⟫ [ˈpe̞.l̪i.o̞]
pl	pl	pɬ	pl	pluvia ‘rain’	[ˈplu.vja]	[ˈpɬu.vja]	⟪pluvia⟫ [ˈpl̪u.vi.a]
qh	x	χ	ç	aqhma ‘life force’	[ˈax.ma]	[ˈaχ.ma]	⟪achma⟫ [ˈaç.ma]	Only in borrowings.
qh	x~h	χ	∅	qheru ‘a kind of deer’	[ˈhe.ru]	⟪qher⟫ [χer]	⟪ero⟫ [e̞ˈro̞]	/_{i,e. Only in borrowings.
qu	kw	kʋ	ku	quei ‘what’	[kwei̯]	⟪qvi⟫ [kʋi]	⟪què⟫ [kuˈe̞]
qu	kw	k	ku.	equou ‘horse’	[ˈe.kwu]	⟪ecu⟫ [ˈe.ku]	⟪equo⟫ [ˈe̞.ku.o̞]	/_{o,u
r	r	r	r	ridere ‘to laugh’	[riˈðe.re]	⟪rider⟫ [riˈðeʀ]	⟪rider⟫ [riˈder]
r	ɾ	ɾ	ɾ	trei(di)cje ‘thirteen’	[ˈtɾei̯ðice]	⟪tricj⟫ [tɾiʨ]	⟪trets⟫ [tɾe̞ts]	/[+dnt]_
r	r	ʀ	r	abvere ‘to have’	[aˈbβe.re]	⟪abver⟫ [aˈveʀ]	⟪aber⟫ [aˈbe̞r]	/_(Vₒ)#
rj	r̝	r̝	ri	terja ‘earth’	[ˈte.r̝a]	[ˈte.r̝a]	⟪teria⟫ [ˈte̞.ri.a]
s	s	s	s	secjare ‘to cut’	[seˈca.re]	⟪secjar⟫ [se.ʨaʀ]	⟪setsar⟫ [se̞.tsar]
s	z	z	z	espousa ‘wife’	[eˈspou̯.za]	[eˈspu.za]	⟪espoza⟫ [e̞ˈspo̞.za]	/V_V
sc	sc	sʨ	si	escire ‘to know’	[esˈci.re]	⟪escir⟫ [esˈʨiʀ]	⟪esir⟫ [eˈsir]	/_{i,e
scj	sc	sʨ	sj	escjavare ‘to dig’	[es.caˈβa.re]	⟪escjavar⟫ [es.ʨaˈvaʀ]	⟪esiavar⟫ [e.si.aˈvar]
sj	ʃ	ɕ	s(j)	sji ‘yes’	[ʃi]	[ɕi]	⟪si⟫ [si]
t	t	t	t	tutu ‘all’	[ˈtu.tu]	⟪tuth⟫ [tuθ]	⟪tuto⟫ [ˈtu.to̞]
th	θ	θ	θ	eth ‘and’	[eθ]	[eθ]	[e̞θ]
tj	ʧ	ʨ	ts	setje ‘seven’	[se.ʧe]	⟪setj⟫ [seʨ]	⟪sets⟫ [se̞ts]
tz	ts	ts	ts	tzincje ‘five’	[ˈtsiŋ.ce]	⟪tzincj⟫ [tsiŋkʨ]	⟪sinse⟫ [ˈsin.tse]	/#_
tz	dz	dz	ts	pitzitu ‘small’	[piˈdzi.tu]	⟪pidzith⟫ [piˈdziθ]	⟪pedzito⟫ [peˈdzi.to̞]	/S_S
u	u	u	u	uricla ‘ear’	[uˈri.kla]	[uˈri.kɬa]	⟪oricla⟫ [o̞ˈri.kla]
ui	ui̯	ui̯	u	luictjare ‘to fight’	[lui̯kˈcʃa.re]	⟪luictjar⟫ [lui̯ˈʨaʀ]	⟪lutsar⟫ [luˈtsar]
v	β	v	v	voulere ‘to want’	[vou̯ˈle.re]	⟪vouler⟫ [vuˈleʀ]	⟪voler⟫ [vo̞ˈle̞r]
x	(Indicates stress.)			iljax ‘there’	[iˈʎa]	[iˈɮa]	⟪alià⟫ [a.liˈa]	Indicates stress.
z	z	ʑ	z	raquazna ‘quiver (of arrows)’	[raˈkwaz.na]	⟪raqvazjna⟫ [raˈkʋaʑ.na]	[ra.kuˈaz.n̪a]	Only in borrowing and the digraph ⟨tz⟩.
zj	ʒ	ʑ	zj	frezjire ‘to lead astray’	[freˈʒi.re]	⟪frezjir⟫ [freˈʑiʀ]	⟪frezir⟫ [fre̞ˈzir]	In borrowings.