Difference between revisions of "Braereth"

Revision as of 21:05, 22 August 2022

Braereth is a collection of four fairly mutually intelligible dialects. Classical Braereth was a Western Romance language spoken in pockets of mountainous areas from the Alps to the Carpathians until the mid-sixteenth century.

For the purposes of this text, We will use the classical spelling of the language; where appropriate and necessary, dialectal forms will be shown in double-brackets, e.g. undix [unˈdi] ‘where’, but Tenibvreth ⟪ubvi⟫ [ˈuvi] or Eomentesa ⟪quondè⟫ [kwonˈde]. Specific differences in the phonologies of the modern dialects are described under Phonology.

Phonology

There are three major dialects of modern Braereth as well as an “archetypal” form which is official, but no one actually speaks. The archetypal form is based on Classical Braereth, which has a reconstructed phonology that differs slightly from the archetype particularly in the realization of the palatals and the lack of certain hypercorrections.

Archetypal Braereth

Consonants	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Vowels	Front	Back
Plosive	p · b	t · d			k · ɡ	High	i	u
Affricate	· b͡v		ʦ · ʣ	ʧ · ʤ		Mid	e̞	o̞
Fricative	f · v	θ · [ð]	s · [(z)]	ʃ · (ʒ)	(x) ·	Low	ä
Nasal	m	n		ɲ	[ŋ]	Diphthongs	To Front	To Back
Lateral		l		ʎ		High	ui̯	iu̯
Trill			r [ɾ]	r̝		Mid	ei̯	eu̯
Approximant	w			j		Low	ai̯	au̯

* Characters in square brackets are allophones; they are not phonemic.
* Characters in parentheses only occur in borrowings.

Classical Braereth (Reconstructed)

Consonants	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Vowels	Front	Back
Plosive	p · b	t · d		cç · ɟʝ	k · ɡ	High	i	u
Affricate	· b͡β		ʦ · ʣ	ʨ · ʥ		Mid	e̞	o̞
Fricative	ɸ · β	θ · [ð]	s · [(z)]	ɕ · (ʑ)	(x~h) ·	Low	a
Nasal	m	n		ɲ	[ŋ]	Diphthongs	To Front	To Back
Lateral		l		ʎ		High	ui̯	iu̯ , ou̯
Trill			r [ɾ]	r̝		Mid	ei̯	eu̯
Approximant	w, ʋ			j		Low	ae̯	au̯

Tenibvreth Dialect

Main article: Tenibvreth (dialect)

The Tenibvreth dialect is marked by a weakening and near-total deletion of final unstressed vowels, a strengthened palatal series, and diverse realizations of the lateral series. A larger amount of the vocabulary is borrowed from Gothic, other Germanic influences, and Slavic languages. For the most part, Tenibvreth is written as standard Braereth, though many words are slightly abbreviated or modified to reflect current pronunciation: mainly omitting the final vowel. When the final vowel is ⟨e⟩ or when the final consonant is palatalized, an apostrophe (⟨’⟩) is used. The exception to this is infinitives of verbs, which always eliminate the final ⟨e⟩ leaving a palatalized ⟨r⟩, but an apostrophe is not used.

Eomentesa Dialect

Main article: Eomentesa (dialect)

The Eomentesa dialect is notable for its lowered (“true”) mid vowels and almost complete loss of the palatal series to unpacking. It has a small number of borrowings from Celtic sources not shared with the other dialects. Some speakers still use the Classical orthography, but a recent spelling reform has been adopted by most speakers of the Eomentesa dialect, and many words bear little resemblance to their Braereth forebears (e.g. tzeiru ‘zero’ becomes Eomentesa sero.

Merolinian Dialect

Main article: Merolinian (dialect)

The Meolinian dialect is the furthest removed of the dialects from Classical Braereth. It has no palatal sounds whatsoever, and contains a number of liquids that appear seemingly spontaneously around certain clusters. Consonant clusters are all but eliminated, and diphthongs are broken up by an insertive ⟨l⟩. There is a merging of voiced and unvoiced consonants, as well as fortition of certain fricatives into stops. The Merolinians do not have a formal written language, and usually use the Classical spelling, though some have adopted the Eomentesa spelling reform, as it is a little closer than Classican Braereth to how Merolinian is actually pronounced, though there are still vast differences.

Orthographic and Phonemic Mapping

While all dialects of Braereth may be written in the classical orthography, there is also a reform spelling of Eomentesa, presented here in double-brackets (⟪ ⟫) in the Eom. column where the spelling differs from the traditional. Tenibvreth is written in the classical orthography, though final vowels are often elided, and certain folk spellings have become common where pronunciation has changed, e.g. ⟪floura⟫ for flora, or substituting ⟨qv⟩ for ⟨qu⟩ (ecquilju → ⟪ecqvilj⟫) or ⟨i⟩ for ⟨ei⟩ (treice → ⟪tric’⟫). When final vowels are dropped, final ⟨e⟩ will often become ⟨’⟩ to indicate palatalization (grande → ⟪grand’⟫), and sometimes final ⟨tu⟩ will be changed to ⟨th⟩ (tutu → ⟪tuth⟫).

Orth.	Phn.	Brae.	Ten.	Mer.	Ref.	Eom.	Example	Archetype	Classical	Tenibvreth	Merolinian	Eomentesa	Environment/Notes
a	/a/	[a]	[a]	[æ]	⟨a⟩	[a]	ath ‘to’	/aθ/	[aθ]	[aθ]	[æt’]	[aθ]
ae	/ai̯/	[ae̯]	[ai̯]	[a.le] or [a.re]	⟨é⟩	[e̞ː]	laectje ‘milk’	/ˈlai̯k.ʧe/	[ˈlae̯c.ʨe]	⟪laect’⟫ [lai̯kɕ]	⟪larets⟫ [ˈla.reʦ]	⟪léč⟫ [le̞ːʧ]	Merolinian depends on surrounding sounds to disambiguate the liquid.
aou	/au̯/	[au̯]	[au̯]	[æ.lu]	⟨ao⟩	[a.o̞]	saou ‘salt’	/sau̯/	[sau̯]	[sau̯]	⟪salu⟫ [ˈsæ.lu]	⟪sao⟫ [sa.o̞]	Only occurs word-finally.
au	/au̯/	[au̯]	[au̯]	[æ.lu]	⟨au⟩	[au̯]	aubvru ‘tree’	/ˈau̯.vru/	[ˈau̯.bβru]	⟪aubvr⟫ [au̯vʀ]	⟪alubru⟫ [ˈæ.lu.bru]	⟪auvro⟫ [ˈau.vro̞]
au	/au̯/	[au̯]	[au̯]	[æ.lu]	⟨ao⟩	[a.o̞]	normau ‘normal’	/norˈmau̯/	[norˈmau̯]	[norˈmau̯]	⟪normalu⟫ [norˈmæ.lu]	⟪normao⟫ [no̞rˈma.o̞]	/_#
b	/b/	[b]	[b]	[p]	⟨b⟩	[b]	baclu ‘stick’	/ˈbak.lu/	[ˈbak.lu]	⟪bacl⟫ [bakɬ]	⟪paclu⟫ [ˈpæk.lu]	⟪baclo⟫ [ˈba.klo̞]
bl	/bl/	[bl]	[bɮ]	[pl]	⟨bl⟩	[bl]	blancu ‘white’	/ˈblaŋ.ku/	[ˈblaŋ.ku]	⟪blanc⟫ [bɮaŋx]	⟪plancu⟫ [ˈplæŋ.ku]	⟪blanco⟫ [ˈblaŋ.ko̞]
bv	/bv/	[bβ]	[v]	[b]	⟨v⟩	[v]	ribveu ‘level’	/riˈveu̯/	[ri.bβeu̯]	[riˈveu̯]	⟪ribelu⟫ [riˈbe.lu]	⟪reveo⟫ [re̞ˈve̞.o̞]	Only occurs word-internally.
c	/k/	[k]	[k]	[k]	⟨c⟩	[k]	couru ‘heart’	/ˈku.ru/	[ˈkou̯.ru]	⟪cour⟫ [kuʀ]	[ˈky.ru]	⟪coro⟫ [ˈko̞.ro̞]
	/k/	[k]	[x]	[k]	⟨c⟩	[k]	lacu ‘lake’	/ˈla.ku/	[ˈla.ku]	⟪lac⟫ [lax]	[ˈlæ.ku]	⟪laco⟫ [ˈla.ko̞]	/_#
	/ʧ/	[cç]	[ʨ]	[ʦ]	⟨ch⟩	[ʧ]	dicere ‘to say’	/diˈʧe.re/	[diˈcçe.re]	⟪dicer⟫ [diˈʨer̝]	⟪titsel⟫ [tiˈʦel]	⟪dičer⟫ [diˈʧe̞r]	/_{i,e
	/ʧ/	[cç]	[ʨ]	[s]	⟨sh⟩	[ʃ]	centrau ‘central’	/ʧenˈtrau̯/	[cçenˈtrau̯]	[ʨenˈtrau̯]	⟪sentralu⟫ [senˈtræ.lu]	⟪šentrao⟫ [ʃe̞nˈtra.o̞]	/#_{i,e
cj	/ʧ/	[cç]	[ʨ]	[ʦ]	⟨ch⟩	[ʧ]	radjicja ‘root’	/raˈʤi.ʧa/	[raˈʥi.cça]	[raˈʥi.ʨə]	⟪radzitsa⟫ [ræˈʣi.ʦa]	⟪raǧiča⟫ [raˈʤi.ʧa]
cj	/ʧ/	[cç]	[ʨ]	[s]	⟨sh⟩	[ʃ]	cjambiare ‘change’	/ʧamˈbja.re/	[cçamˈbja.re]	⟪cjambiar⟫ [ʨamˈbjar̝]	⟪sampial⟫ [sæm.piˈal]	⟪šambir⟫ [ʃamˈbir]	/#_
cl	/kl/	[kl]	[kɬ]	[kl]	⟨cl⟩	[kl]	clubvra ‘snake’	/ˈklu.vra/	[ˈklu.bβra]	⟪clubvr⟫ [kluvʀ]	⟪clubra⟫ [ˈkly.bra]	⟪cluvra⟫ [klu.vra]
ctj	/kʧ/	[cʨ]	[kɕ]	[ʦ]	⟨ch⟩	[ʧ]	fruictju ‘fruit’	/ˈfrui̯k.ʧu/	[ˈfrui̯c.ʨu]	⟪fruict’⟫ [frui̯kɕ]	⟪prútsu⟫ [ˈpruː.ʦu]	⟪frúčo⟫ [fruːʧo̞]
d	/d/	[d]	[d]	[t]	⟨d⟩	[d]	dente ‘tooth’	/ˈden.te/	[ˈden.te]	⟪dent’⟫ [denʨ]	⟪tents⟫ [tenʦ]	⟪dent⟫ [de̞nt]
d	/ð/	[ð]	[ð]	[t]	⟨d⟩	[ð]	cjaudu ‘hot’	/ˈʧau̯.ðu/	[ˈcçau̯.ðu]	⟪cjaud⟫ [ʨau̯ð]	⟪salutu⟫ [ˈsæ.lu.tu]	⟪šaudo⟫ [ʃau̯.ðo̞]	/S_S
de	/de/	[de]	[ʥ]	[ʣ]	⟨th⟩	[θ]	pide ‘foot'	/ˈpi.ðe/	[ˈpi.ðe]	⟪pid’⟫ [piʥ]	⟪pidz⟫ [piʣ]	⟪pith⟫ [piθ]	/_#
dj	/ʤ/	[ʥ]	[ʥ]	[ʣ]	⟨dz⟩	[ʤ]	codjax ‘poppy’	/koˈʤa/	[koˈʥa]	[koˈʥa]	⟪codzà⟫ [koˈʣæ]	⟪coǧà⟫ [ko̞ˈʤa]
dj	/ʤ/	[ʥ]	[ʥ]	[z]	⟨z⟩	[ʒ]	djurnu ‘day’	/ˈʤur.nu/	[ˈʥur.nu]	⟪djurn⟫ [ʥurn]	⟪zurunu⟫ [ˈzy.ru.nu]	⟪žurno⟫ [ˈʒur.no̞]	/#_
e	/e/	[e]	[∅]	[∅]	⟨ ⟩	[∅]	crane ‘meat’	/ˈkra.ne/	[ˈkra.ne]	⟪cran’⟫ [kraɲ]	⟪cran⟫ [kræn]	⟪crang⟫ [ˈkraŋ]	/_#. ⟨e⟩ is deleted word-finally in all dialects.
e	/e/	[e]	[e]	[e]	⟨e⟩	[e̞]	estelja ‘star’	/eˈste.ʎa/	[eˈste.ʎa]	[eˈste.ɮə]	⟪estrelia⟫ [eˈstre.li.a]	⟪estelia⟫ [e̞ˈste̞.li.a]
ei	/ej/	[ei̯]	[i(ː)]	[iː]	⟨e~é⟩	[e̞(ː)]	deice ‘ten’	/ˈdei̯.ʧe/	[ˈdei̯.cçe]	⟪deic’⟫ [diʨ]	⟪tírts⟫ [tiːrʦ]	⟪déč⟫ [de̞ːʧ]
eou	/eu̯/	[eu̯]	[eu̯]	[e.lu]	⟨eo⟩	[e̞.o̞]	beou ‘beautiful’	/ˈbeu̯/	[beu̯]	[beu̯]	⟪pelu⟫ [ˈpe.lu]	⟪beo⟫ [ˈbe̞.o̞]	Only occurs word-finally.
eu	/eu̯/	[eu̯]	[eu̯]	[e.lu]	⟨eu⟩	[e̞u̯]	seuva ‘forest’	/ˈseu̯.va/	[ˈseu̯.va]	[ˈseu̯və]	⟪seluba⟫ [ˈse.lu.ba]	[ˈse̞u̯.va]
f	/f/	[ɸ]	[f]	[p]	⟨f⟩	[f]	folja ‘leaf’	/ˈfo.ʎa/	[ˈfo.ʎa]	[ˈfo.ɮə]	⟪polia⟫ [ˈpo.li.a]	⟪folia⟫ [ˈfo̞.li.a]
fl	/fl/	[ɸl]	[fɬ]	[pl]	⟨fl⟩	[fl]	flora ‘flower’	/ˈflo.ra/	[ˈflo.ra]	⟪floura⟫ [ˈfɬu.rə]	⟪plora⟫ [ˈplo.ra]	[ˈflo̞.ra]
g	/ɡ/	[ɡ]	[ɡ]	[k]	⟨g⟩	[ɡ]	grostu ‘thick’	/ˈɡro.stu/	[ˈɡro.stu]	⟪grost⟫ [ˈɡrost]	⟪crostu⟫ [ˈkro.stu]	⟪grosto⟫ [ˈɡro̞s.to̞]
	/ʤ/	[ɟʝ]	[ʥ]	[ʣ	⟨dz⟩	[ʤ]	tragere ‘to pull’	/traˈʤe.re/	[traˈɟʝe.re]	⟪trager⟫ [traˈʥer̝]	⟪tradzel⟫ [traˈʣel]	⟪traǧer⟫ [traˈʤe̞r]	/_{i,e
	/ʤ/	[ɟʝ]	[ʥ]	[z]	⟨z⟩	[ʒ]	gindrau ‘general’	/ʤinˈdrau̯/	[ɟʝinˈdrau̯]	[ʥinˈdrau̯]	⟪zintralu⟫ [zinˈtræ.lu]	⟪žindrao⟫ [ʒinˈdra.o̞]	/#_{i,e
gj	/ʤ/	[ɟʝ]	[ʥ]	[ʣ]	⟨dz⟩	[ʤ]	obligjare ‘to compel’	/o.bliˈʤa.re/	[o.bliˈɟʝa.re]	⟪obligjar⟫ [o.bliˈʥar̝]	⟪oplidzal⟫ [o.pliˈʣal]	⟪obliǧar⟫ [o̞b.liˈʤar]
gj	/ʤ/	[ɟʝ]	[ʥ]	[z(i)]	⟨z⟩	[ʒ]	gjalu ‘yellow’	/ˈʤa.lu/	[ˈɟʝa.lu]	⟪gjal⟫ [ʥaɮ]	⟪zialu⟫ [ziˈa.lu]	⟪žalo⟫ [ˈʒa.lo̞]	/#_
gl	/ɡl/	[ɡl]	[ɡɮ]	[kl]	⟨gl⟩	[ɡl]	glacja ‘ice’	/ˈɡla.ʧa/	[ˈɡla.cça]	[ˈɡɮa.ʨə]	⟪clatsa⟫ [ˈklæ.ʦa]	⟪glača⟫ [ˈɡla.ʧa]
gn	/ŋn/	[ŋn]	[ŋn]	[ŋkl]	⟨ngan⟩	[ŋɡan]	magnu ‘great’	/ˈmaŋ.nu/	[ˈmaŋ.nu]	⟪magn⟫ [maŋn]	⟪manclu⟫ [ˈmæŋ.klu]	⟪mangano⟫ [ˈmaŋ.ɡa.no̞]
gne	/ŋne/	[ŋne]	[ŋɲ]	[ŋkle]	⟨ng⟩	[ŋ]	seigne ‘slow’	/ˈsei̯ŋ.ne/	[ˈsei̯ŋ.ne]	⟪seign’⟫ [siŋɲ]	⟪sincle⟫ [ˈsiŋ.kle]	⟪séng⟫ [se̞ːŋ]	/_#
gnj	/ŋɲ/	[ŋɲ]	[ŋɲ]	[ŋkli]	⟨ni⟩	[ni]	ignju ‘fire	/ˈiŋ.ɲu/	[ˈiŋ.ɲu]	⟪ign’⟫ [iŋɲ]	⟪incliu⟫ [ˈiŋ.kli.u]	⟪inio⟫ [ˈi.ni.o̞]
i	/i/	[i]	[i]	[i]	⟨i⟩	[i]	iljis ‘they’	/ˈi.ʎis/	[ˈi.ʎis]	[ˈi.ɮis]	⟪ilis⟫ [ˈi.lis]	⟪ilis⟫ [ˈi.lis]
	/i/	[i]	[i]	[i]	⟨e⟩	[e̞]	midju ‘half’	/ˈmi.ʤu/	[ˈmi.ʥu]	⟪mid’⟫ [ˈmiʥ]	⟪midzu⟫ [ˈmi.ʣu]	⟪meǧo⟫ [ˈme̞.ʤo̞]	Intermittently.
	/j/	[j]	[j]	[i.]	⟨i⟩	[i.]	iecru ‘liver’	/ˈje.kru/	[ˈje.kru]	⟪iecr⟫ [jekʀ]	[iˈe.kru]	⟪iecro⟫ [iˈe̞.kro̞]	/_V (!_/u/)
iu	/iu̯/	[iu̯]	[iu̯]	[i.u]	⟨iu⟩	[i.u]	fluviu ‘river’	/ˈflu.viw/	[ˈflu.viu̯]	[ˈfɬu.viu̯]	⟪plubiu⟫ [ˈply.bi.u]	⟪fluvio⟫ [ˈflu.vi.o̞]
iu	/iu̯/	[ju]	[iu̯]	[i.u]	⟨iu⟩	[i.u]	iustu ‘right’	/ˈiw.stu/	[ˈiu̯.stu]	⟪iust⟫ [iu̯st]	[iˈy.stu]	⟪iusto⟫ [iˈu.sto̞]	/#_
l	/l/	[l]	[l]	[l]	⟨l⟩	[l̪]	lape ‘stone’	/ˈla.pe/	[ˈla.pe]	⟪lap’⟫ [lap]	⟪lap⟫ [læp]	⟪lap⟫ [lap]
lj	/ʎ/	[ʎ]	[ɮ]	[li]	⟨li⟩	[li]	aljis ‘others’	/ˈa.ʎis/	[ˈa.ʎis]	[ˈa.ɮis]	⟪alis⟫ [ˈæ.lis]	⟪alis⟫ [ˈa.lis]
lj	/ʎ	[ʎ]	[ʎ]	[li]	⟨li⟩	[li]	acelju ‘bird’	/aˈʧe.ʎu/	[aˈcçe.ʎu]	⟪acel’⟫ [aˈʨeʎ]	⟪atseliu⟫ [æˈʦe.li.u]	⟪ačelio⟫ [aˈʧe̞.li.o̞]	/_#
m	/m/	[m]	[m]	[m]	⟨m⟩	[m]	mourire ‘to die’	/muˈri.re/	[muˈri.re]	⟪mourir⟫ [muˈrir̝]	⟪muril⟫ [myˈril]	⟪morir⟫ [mo̞ˈrir]
n	/n/	[n]	[n]	[n]	⟨n⟩	[n]	nascere ‘to be born’	/nasˈʧe.re/	[nasˈcçe.re]	⟪nascer⟫ [nasˈʨer̝]	⟪nastsel⟫ [næsˈʦel]	⟪mašer⟫ [naˈʃe̞r]
nc	/ŋk/	[ŋk]	[ŋk]	[ŋk]	⟨nc⟩	[ŋk]	ginclu ‘knee’	/ˈʤiŋ.klu/	[ˈɟʝiŋ.klu]	⟪gincl⟫ [ʥiŋkɬ]	⟪zinclu⟫ [ˈziŋ.klu]	⟪žinclo⟫ [ˈʒiŋ.klo̞]
ncj	/nʧ/	[ɲcç]	[ŋkɕ]	[nʦ]	⟨ns⟩	[nʧ]	louncjanu ‘far’	/lunˈʧa.nu/	[lunˈcça.nu]	⟪louncjan⟫ [luŋˈkɕan]	⟪luntsanu⟫ [lynˈʦa.nu]	⟪lunčano⟫ [lunˈʧa.no̞]
nctj	/ŋkʃ/	[ɲcʨ]	[ŋkɕ]	[nʦ]	⟨ns⟩	[nʧ]	vinctje ‘twenty’	/ˈviŋk.ʧe/	[ˈviŋk.ʨe]	⟪vinct’⟫ [viŋkɕ]	⟪bints⟫ [binʦ]	⟪vinč⟫ [vinʧ]
nde	/nde/	[nde]	[nʥ]	[nʣ]	⟨nz⟩	[nʤ]	grande ‘big'	/ˈgran.de/	[ˈgran.de]	⟪grand’⟫ [ɡranʥ]	⟪crandz⟫ [krænʣ]	⟪grand⟫ [ɡrand]	/_#
ng	/ŋɡ/	[ŋɡ]	[ŋɡ]	[ŋk]	⟨ng⟩	[ŋɡ]	loungu ‘long’	/ˈluŋ.ɡu/	[ˈluŋ.ɡu]	⟪loung⟫ [luŋɡ]	⟪luncu⟫ [ˈlyŋ.ku]	⟪longo⟫ [ˈlo̞ŋ.ɡo̞]
ng	/nʤ/	[ɲɟʝ]	[ŋɡʑ]	[nʣ]	⟨nz⟩	[nʤ]	pungere ‘to stab’	/punˈʤe.re/	[punˈɟʝe.re]	⟪punger⟫ [puŋ.ɡʑer̝]	⟪pundzel⟫ [pynˈʣel]	⟪punǧer⟫ [punˈʤe̞r]	/_{i,e
ngj	/nʤ/	[ɲɟʝ]	[ŋɡʑ]	[nʣ]	⟨nz⟩	[nʤ]	mengjare ‘to eat’	/meɲˈʤa.re/	[meɲˈɟʝa.re]	⟪mengjar⟫ [meŋˈɡʑar̝]	⟪mendzal⟫ [menˈʣal]	⟪manǧar⟫ [manˈʤar]
nj	/ɲ/	[ɲ]	[ɲ]	[ni]	⟨ni⟩	[n(i)]	anju ‘year’	/ˈa.ɲu/	[ˈa.ɲu]	⟪an’⟫ [aɲ]	⟪aniu⟫ [ˈæ.ni.u]	⟪anio⟫ [ˈa.ni.o̞]
nje	/ɲe/	[ɲe]	[ɲ]	[n]	⟨ng⟩	[ŋ]	cjanje ‘dog’	/ˈʧa.ɲe/	[ˈcça.ɲe]	⟪cjan’⟫ [ʨaɲ]	⟪san⟫ [san]	⟪šang⟫ [ʃaŋ]	/_#
nte	/nte/	[nte]	[ɲʨ]	[nʦ]	⟨ns⟩	[nʧ]	infante ‘child'	/inˈfan.te/	[inˈfan.te]	⟪infant’⟫ [iɱˈfaɲʨ]	⟪impants⟫ [imˈpænʦ]	⟪infant⟫ [iɱˈfant]	/_#
ntz	/nʦ/	[nʦ]	[nʦ]	[nʦ]	⟨ns⟩	[nts]	quintzante ‘fifty'	/kwinˈʦan.te/	[ku̯inˈʦan.te]	⟪qvintzant’⟫ [kʋinˈʦanʨ]	⟪quitsants⟫ [ku.inˈʦanʦ]	⟪quintzant⟫ [kwinˈʦant]
o	/o/	[o]	[o]	[o]	⟨o⟩	[o̞]	olja ‘oil’	/ˈo.ʎa/	[ˈo.ʎa]	[ˈo.ʎə]	⟪olia⟫ [ˈo.li.a]	⟪olia⟫ [ˈo̞.li.a]
ou	/ou̯/	[ou̯]	[u]	[y]	⟨o⟩	[o̞]	ouvu ‘egg’	/ˈu.vu/	[ˈu.vu]	⟪ouv⟫ [uv]	⟪ubu⟫ [ˈy.bu]	⟪uvo⟫ [ˈu.vo̞]
p	/p/	[p]	[p]	[p]	⟨p⟩	[p]	pelju ‘hair’	/ˈpe.ʎu/	[ˈpe.ʎu]	⟪pel’⟫ [peʎ]	⟪peliu⟫ [ˈpe.li.u]	⟪pelio⟫ [ˈpe̞.li.o̞]
pl	/pl/	[pl]	[pɬ]	[pl]	⟨pl⟩	[pl]	pluvia ‘rain’	/ˈplu.vja/	[ˈplu.vja]	[ˈpɬu.vjə]	⟪plubia⟫ [ˈply.bi.a]	⟪pluvia⟫ [ˈplu.vi.a]
qh	/x/	[x]	[χ]	[ʀ]	⟨ch⟩	[ç]	aqhma ‘life force’	/ˈax.ma/	[ˈax.ma]	[ˈaχ.mə]	[ˈæʀ.ma]	⟪achma⟫ [ˈaç.ma]	Only in borrowings.
qh	/x/	[h]	[χ]	[χ]	⟨ ⟩	[∅]	qheru ‘deer’	/ˈxe.ru/	[ˈxe.ru]	⟪qher⟫ [χeʀ]	[ˈχe.ru]	⟪ero⟫ [ˈe̞.ro̞]	/_{i,e. Only in borrowings.
qu	/kw/	[kw]	[kʋ]	[ku.]	⟨qu⟩	[ku.]	quei ‘what’	/kwei̯/	[kwei̯]	⟪qvei⟫ [kʋi]	⟪qui⟫ [ˈku.i]	⟪que⟫ [ˈku.e̞]
qu	/kw/	[kw]	[k]	[ku]	⟨qu⟩	[ku.]	equou ‘horse’	/ˈe.kwu/	[ˈe.kwu]	⟪ecu⟫ [ˈe.ku]	⟪ecú⟫ [ˈe.kuː]	⟪equo⟫ [ˈe̞.ku.o̞]	/_{u
r	/r/	[r]	[r]	[r]	⟨r⟩	[r]	ridere ‘to laugh’	/riˈde.re/	[riˈde.re]	⟪rider⟫ [riˈðer̝]	⟪ritel⟫ [riˈtel]	⟪rider⟫ [riˈðe̞r]
	/r/	[ɾ]	[ɾ]	[ɾ]	⟨r⟩	[ɾ]	trei(di)ce ‘thirteen’	/ˈtrei̯.ʧe/	[ˈtɾei̯.ði.cçe]	⟪treic’⟫ [tɾiʨ]	⟪trits⟫ [tɾiʦ]	⟪treč⟫ [tɾe̞ʧ]	/[+dnt]_
	/r/	[r]	[ʀ]	[r]	⟨r⟩	[r]	patru ‘father’	/ˈpa.tru/	[ˈpa.tru]	⟪patr⟫ [patʀ]	⟪patru⟫ [ˈpa.tru]	⟪patro⟫ [ˈpa.tro̞]	/_#
re	/re/	[re]	[r̝]	[r]	⟨r⟩	[r]	abvere ‘to have’	/aˈve.re/	[aˈve.re]	⟪abver⟫ [aˈver̝]	⟪abel⟫ [aˈbel]	⟪aver⟫ [aˈve̞r]	/_#
rj	/r̝/	[r̝]	[r̝]	[ri]	⟨ri⟩	[r(i)]	terja ‘earth’	/ˈte.r̝a/	[ˈte.r̝a]	[ˈte.r̝ə]	⟪teria⟫ [ˈte.ri.a]	⟪teria⟫ [ˈte̞.ri.a]
s	/s/	[s]	[s]	[s]	⟨s⟩	[s]	secjare ‘to cut’	/seˈʧa.re/	[seˈcça.re]	⟪secjar⟫ [seˈʨar̝]	⟪setsal⟫ [seˈʦal]	⟪sečar⟫ [se̞ˈʧar]
s	/s/	[z]	[z]	[z]	⟨z⟩	[z]	espousa ‘wife’	/eˈspu.za/	[eˈspu.za]	[eˈspu.zə]	⟪espuza⟫ [eˈspy.za]	⟪espuza⟫ [e̞ˈspu.za]	/V_V
sc	/sʧ/	[scç]	[sʨ]	[sʦ]	⟨s⟩	[ʃ]	escire ‘to know’	/esˈʧi.re/	[esˈcçi.re]	⟪escir⟫ [esˈʨir̝]	⟪estsir⟫ [esˈʦir]	⟪ešir⟫ [e̞ˈʃir]	/_{i,e
scj	/sʧ/	[scç]	[sʨ]	[sʦ]	⟨si⟩	[ʃ]	escjavare ‘to dig’	/es.ʧaˈve.re/	[es.cçaˈve.re]	⟪escjavar⟫ [es.ʨaˈvar̝]	⟪estsabar⟫ [es.ʦaˈbar]	⟪ešavar⟫ [e̞ˈʃa.var]
sj	/ʃ/	[ɕ]	[ɕ]	[s]	⟨si⟩	[ʃ(i)]	sji ‘yes’	/ˈʃi/	[ˈɕi]	[ɕi]	⟪si⟫ [si]	⟪ši⟫ [ʃi]
t	/t/	[t]	[t]	[t]	⟨t⟩	[t]	tutu ‘all’	/ˈtu.tu/	[ˈtu.tu]	⟪tuth⟫ [tuθ]	[ˈty.tu]	⟪tuto⟫ [ˈtu.to̞]
te	/te/	[te]	[ʨ]	[ʦ]	⟨ts⟩	[ʧ]	claritate ‘clarity'	/kla.riˈta.te/	[kla.riˈta.te]	⟪claritat’⟫ [kɬa.riˈtaʨ]	⟪claritats⟫ [kla.riˈtaʦ]	⟪claritat⟫ [kla.riˈtat]	/_#
th	/θ/	[θ]	[θ]	[t’]	⟨th⟩	[θ]	eth ‘and’	/eθ/	[eθ]	[eθ]	⟪et’⟫ [et’]	[e̞θ]
tj	/ʧ/	[ʨ]	[ʨ]	[ʦ]	⟨ts⟩	[ʧ]	setje ‘seven’	/ˈse.ʧe/	[ˈse.cçe]	⟪set’⟫ [seʨ]	⟪sets⟫ [seʦ]	⟪seč⟫ [se̞ʧ]
tz	/ʦ/	[ʦ]	[ʦ]	[ʦ]	⟨ts⟩	[ʦ]	tzince ‘five’	/ˈʦin.ʧe/	[ˈʦiɲ.cçe]	⟪tzinc’⟫ [ʦinʨ]	⟪sints⟫ [sinʦ]	⟪sinč⟫ [sinʧ]	/#_
tz	/ʣ/	[ʣ]	[dz]	[ʣ]	⟨dz⟩	[ʣ]	pitzitu ‘small’	/piˈʣi.tu/	[piˈʣi.tu]	⟪pitzith⟫ [piˈʣiθ]	⟪pidzitu⟫ [piˈʣi.tu]	⟪pedzito⟫ [pe̞ˈʣi.to̞]	/S_S (!/n/_)
u	/u/	[u]	[u]	[y]	⟨u⟩	[u]	unce ‘eleven’	/ˈun.ʧe/	[ˈuɲ.cçe]	⟪unc’⟫ [unʨ]	⟪unts⟫ [ynʦ]	⟪unč⟫ [unʧ]
u	/u/	[u]	[u]	[y]	⟨o⟩	[o̞]	uricla ‘ear’	/uˈri.kla/	[uˈri.kla]	[uˈrikɬa]	⟪uricla⟫ [yˈri.kla]	⟪oricla⟫ [o̞ˈri.kla]	Always /_#, intermittently otherwise
ui	/uj/	[ui̯]	[ui̯]	[uː]	⟨ú⟩	[uː]	luictjare ‘to fight’	/lujkˈʧa.re/	[lui̯kˈʨa.re]	⟪luictjar⟫ [lui̯kˈɕar̝]	⟪lútsal⟫ [luːˈʦal]	⟪lúčar⟫ [luːˈʧar]
ui	/uj/	[ui̯]	[vi]	[uː]	⟨ú⟩	[uː]	uictjou ‘eight’	/ˈujk.ʧu/	[ˈui̯k.ʨu]	⟪victjou⟫ [ˈvik.ɕu]	⟪útso⟫ [ˈuːʦo]	⟪účo⟫ [ˈuːʧo̞]	/#_
v	/v/	[β]	[v]	[b]	⟨v⟩	[v]	voulere ‘to want’	/vuˈle.re/	[vou̯ˈle.re]	⟪vuler⟫ [vuˈler̝]	⟪burel⟫ [buˈrel]	⟪voler⟫ [vo̞ˈle̞r]
x	/ˈ/				⟨x̀⟩		iljax ‘there’	/iˈʎa/	[iˈʎa]	[iˈɮa]	⟪alià⟫ [a.liˈa]	⟪alià⟫ [a.liˈa]	Indicates unexpected stress. (Eomentesa reform script uses a grave diacritic.)
z	/z/	[z]	[ʑ]	[z]	⟨z⟩	[z]	quazina ‘quiver’	/ˈkwa.zi.na/	[ˈkwa.zi.na]	⟪qvazina⟫ [ˈkʋa.ʑnə]	[kuˈa.zi.na]	[quˈa.zi.na]	Only in borrowings and the digraph ⟨tz⟩.
zj	/ʒ/	[ʑ]	[ʑ]	[z]	⟨zi⟩	[ʒ(i)]	frezire ‘to deceive'	/freˈʒi.re/	[freˈʑi.re]	⟪frezjir⟫ [freˈʑir̝]	⟪pezil⟫ [preˈzil]	⟪frežir⟫ [fre̞ˈʒir]	Only in borrowings.

Pronouns

	Nom.	Gen.	Dat.	Acc.
1sg	eou	meou	mei	me, m’	I, my, (to) me, me
2sg	tu	teou	tei	te, t’	thou, thy, (to) thee, thee
3sg.masc	ilj	seou	lei	le, l’	he, his, (to) him, him
3sg.fem	ilja		lae	la, l’	she, her, (to) her, her
3sg.refl	-		sei	se, s’	himself, herself, itself, &c
1pl	nous(autris)	noustru	nous	ne, n’	we all, our, (to) us, us
2pl	vous(autris)	voustru	vous	ve, v’	you all, your, (to) you, you
3pl.masc	iljis	louru	lour	ljis	they, their, (to) them, them
3pl.fem	iljes	louru	lour	ljes

Determiners

Articles

The Definite Article

	Sing.	Sing. (_V)	Plur.
Masculine	lu lu lape ‘the stone’	l’ l’acelju ‘the bird’	lis lis viris ‘the men’
Feminine	la la mage ‘the witch’	l’ l’aqhma ‘the spirit’	les les muljeres ‘the women’

The Indefinite Article

	Sing.	Sing. (_V)	Plur.
Masculine	un un lape ‘a stone’	n’ n’anju ‘a year’	unis unis viris ‘some men’
Feminine	una una mage ‘a witch’	n’ n’estelja ‘a star’	unes unes muljeres ‘some women’

Numerals

The “teen” numbers (11-19) are highly irregular. In Classical Braereth, these all ended with ‑dice, which in the modern languages has been contracted to ‑ce.

While ⟨vinctjeth-uicjtou⟩ is the literary standard, none of the dialects actually uses this form: Classical Braereth used an older form ⟨vinctje-eth-uictjou⟩ where the conjunction had not been assimilated into the first element; Tenibvreth does not retain the –th of the conjunction because uictjou begins with a consonant sound (it is sometimes written as ⟨vinctje-victjou⟩); Eomentesa’s reform orthography spells it as ⟨vinč-eth-účo⟩.

tzeiru	0	deice	10	vinctje	20	tzeiru	0
unu	1	unce	11	vinctjeth-un	21	deice	10
dous	2	douce	12	vinctje-dous	22	vinctje	20
treis	3	treice	13	vinctje-treis	23	treinte	30
quatru	4	quarce	14	vinctje-quatru	24	quatrante	40
tzince	5	quince	15	vinctje-tzince	25	quintzante	50
seis	6	seice	16	vinctje-seis	26	sesante	60
setje	7	setece	17	vinctje-setje	27	setante	70
uictjou	8	uictece	18	vinctjeth-uictjou	28	uictante	80
nouve	9	nouce	19	vinctje-nouve	29	nounante	90