Difference between revisions of "Braereth"
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| style="text-align: left"| '''''[[cjambiare#Braereth|cjambiare]]''''' ‘to change’ | | style="text-align: left"| '''''[[cjambiare#Braereth|cjambiare]]''''' ‘to change’ | ||
| [camˈbja.re] | | [camˈbja.re] | ||
| [ʨamˈbjar̝] | | [ʨamˈbjar̝(ɪ)] | ||
| [sam.biˈar] | | [sam.biˈar] | ||
| style="text-align: left"| /#_ | | style="text-align: left"| /#_ | ||
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| style="text-align: left"| '''''[[dente#Braereth|dente]]''''' ‘tooth’ | | style="text-align: left"| '''''[[dente#Braereth|dente]]''''' ‘tooth’ | ||
| [ˈd̪en̪.t̪e] | | [ˈd̪en̪.t̪e] | ||
| [denʨ] | | [denʨ(ɪ)] | ||
| [d̪e̞n̪t̪] | | [d̪e̞n̪t̪] | ||
| | | | ||
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| style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[djurnu#Braereth|djurnu]]''''' ‘day’ | | style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[djurnu#Braereth|djurnu]]''''' ‘day’ | ||
| [ˈʤurn̪u] | | [ˈʤurn̪u] | ||
| [ | | [ʥu(r)ɲ(ʊ)] | ||
| [ˈzur.n̪o̞] | | [ˈzur.n̪o̞] | ||
| style="text-align: left;"| /#_ | | style="text-align: left;"| /#_ | ||
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| style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[glacja#Braereth|glacja]]''''' ‘ice’ | | style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[glacja#Braereth|glacja]]''''' ‘ice’ | ||
| [ˈɡl̪a.ca] | | [ˈɡl̪a.ca] | ||
| [ˈɡɮa. | | [ˈɡɮa.ʨ(a)] | ||
| [ˈɡla.ʦja] | | [ˈɡla.ʦja] | ||
| | | | ||
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| style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[mourire#Braereth|mourire]]''''' ‘to die’ | | style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[mourire#Braereth|mourire]]''''' ‘to die’ | ||
| [mou̯ˈri.re] | | [mou̯ˈri.re] | ||
| [ | | [muˈrir̝(ɪ)] | ||
| [mo̞ˈrir] | | [mo̞ˈrir] | ||
| | | | ||
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| style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[nascere#Braereth|nascere]]''''' ‘to be born’ | | style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[nascere#Braereth|nascere]]''''' ‘to be born’ | ||
| [ˈn̪asce̞.re] | | [ˈn̪asce̞.re] | ||
| [ˈnas. | | [ˈnas.ʨer̝(ɪ)] | ||
| [ˈnas.je̞r] | | [ˈnas.je̞r] | ||
| | | | ||
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| style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[pungere#Braereth|pungere]]''''' ‘to stab’ | | style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[pungere#Braereth|pungere]]''''' ‘to stab’ | ||
| [puɲˈɟe.re] | | [puɲˈɟe.re] | ||
| [ | | [puŋˈʥer̝(ɪ)] | ||
| [punˈʣje̞r] | | [punˈʣje̞r] | ||
| style="text-align: left;"| /_{i,e | | style="text-align: left;"| /_{i,e | ||
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| style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[mengjare#Braereth|mengjare]]''''' ‘to eat’ | | style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[mengjare#Braereth|mengjare]]''''' ‘to eat’ | ||
| [meɲˈɟa.re] | | [meɲˈɟa.re] | ||
| [ | | [meŋˈʥar̝(ɪ)] | ||
| [manˈʣjar] | | [manˈʣjar] | ||
| | | | ||
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| style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[oudir#Braereth|oudir]]''''' ‘to hear’ | | style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[oudir#Braereth|oudir]]''''' ‘to hear’ | ||
| [ou̯ˈðir] | | [ou̯ˈðir] | ||
| [ | | [uˈðir̝(ɪ)] | ||
| [o̞ˈdir] | | [o̞ˈdir] | ||
| | | | ||
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| style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[ridere#Braereth|ridere]]''''' ‘to laugh’ | | style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[ridere#Braereth|ridere]]''''' ‘to laugh’ | ||
| [riˈðe.re] | | [riˈðe.re] | ||
| [ | | [riˈðer̝(ɪ)] | ||
| [riˈder] | | [riˈder] | ||
| | | | ||
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| style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[terja#Braereth|terja]]''''' ‘earth’ | | style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[terja#Braereth|terja]]''''' ‘earth’ | ||
| [ˈt̪e̞.r̝a] | | [ˈt̪e̞.r̝a] | ||
| [ˈte. | | [ˈte.r̝(a)] | ||
| [ˈte̞.ri.a] | | [ˈte̞.ri.a] | ||
| | | | ||
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| style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[secjar#Braereth|secjar]]''''' ‘to cut’ | | style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[secjar#Braereth|secjar]]''''' ‘to cut’ | ||
| [se̞ˈcar] | | [se̞ˈcar] | ||
| [se. | | [se.ʨar̝(ɪ)] | ||
| [se̞.ʦar] | | [se̞.ʦar] | ||
| | | | ||
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| style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[escir#Braereth|escir]]''''' ‘to know’ | | style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[escir#Braereth|escir]]''''' ‘to know’ | ||
| [esˈcir] | | [esˈcir] | ||
| [ | | [esˈʨir̝(ɪ)] | ||
| [eˈs(j)ir] | | [eˈs(j)ir] | ||
| style="text-align: left;"| /_{i,e | | style="text-align: left;"| /_{i,e | ||
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| style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[escjavare#Braereth|escjavare]]''''' ‘to dig’ | | style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[escjavare#Braereth|escjavare]]''''' ‘to dig’ | ||
| [es.caˈβa.re] | | [es.caˈβa.re] | ||
| [es. | | [es.ʨaˈvar̝(ɪ)] | ||
| [es.ja.var] | | [es.ja.var] | ||
| | | | ||
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| style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[luictjare#Braereth|luictjare]]''''' ‘to fight’ | | style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[luictjare#Braereth|luictjare]]''''' ‘to fight’ | ||
| [l̪ui̯kˈcʃa.re] | | [l̪ui̯kˈcʃa.re] | ||
| [ | | [lui̯ˈʨar̝(ɪ)] | ||
| [luˈʦar] | | [luˈʦar] | ||
| | | | ||
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| style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[voulere#Braereth|voulere]]''''' ‘to want’ | | style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[voulere#Braereth|voulere]]''''' ‘to want’ | ||
| [vou̯ˈl̪e.re] | | [vou̯ˈl̪e.re] | ||
| [ | | [vuˈler̝(ɪ)] | ||
| [vo̞’le̞r] | | [vo̞’le̞r] | ||
| | | | ||
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| zj | | zj | ||
| style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[frezjire#Braereth|frezjire]]''''' ‘to lead astray’ | | style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[frezjire#Braereth|frezjire]]''''' ‘to lead astray’ | ||
| | | [freˈʒi.re] | ||
| | | [freˈʑir̝(ɪ)] | ||
| | | [fre̞ˈzjir] | ||
| style="text-align: left;"| In borrowings. | | style="text-align: left;"| In borrowings. | ||
|} | |} |
Revision as of 17:48, 21 July 2022
Braereth is actually a collection of three fairly mutually intelligible dialects. Classical Braereth was a Western Romance language spoken in pockets of mountainous areas from the Alps to the Carpathians until the mid-sixteenth century, when it fell out of use.
The modern language is still often written in the classical orthography, though the two dialects that have emerged from it sometimes diverge sharply. The dialect known as Tenibvreth is much more conservative to the original phonology. The Eomentesa dialect, however, has a sound that is much more similar to modern Iberian languages.
For the purposes of this text, We will use the Classical spelling of the language; where appropriate and necessary, dialectal forms will be shown in double-brackets, e.g. undix [unˈdi] ‘where’, but Tenibvrith ⟪ubvi⟫ [ˈuvi] or Eomentesa ⟪quondex⟫ [kwonˈde]. Specific differences in the phonologies of the two modern dialects are described under Phonology.
Phonology
Classical Braereth
Consonants | Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Vowels | Front | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p · b | t̪ · d̪ | c · ɟ | k · ɡ | High | i | u | ||
Affricate | · b͡β | t͡s · d͡z | t͡ʃ · d͡ʒ | Mid | e | o | |||
Fricative | ɸ · β | θ · [ð] | s · [z] | ʃ · (ʒ) | (x) · | Low | a | ||
Nasal | m | n̪ | ɲ | [ŋ] | Diphthongs | To Front | To Back | ||
Lateral | l̪ | ʎ | High | ui̯ | ou̯ | ||||
Trill | r [ɾ] | r̝ | Mid | ei̯ | eu̯ | ||||
Approximant | w | j | Low | ae̯ | au̯ |
* Characters in square brackets are allophones; they are not phonemic.
* Characters in parentheses only occur in borrowings.
Tenibvreth Dialect
The Tenibvreth dialect is marked by a weakening and near-complete deletion of final vowels, a strengthened palatal series, and diverse realizations of the lateral series. A large amount of the vocabulary is borrowed from Gothic and some other Germanic influences as well as Slavic.
Consonants | Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Dorsal | Vowels | Front | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p · b | t · d | k · ɡ | High | i, ɪ | u, ʊ | |||
Affricate | t͡s · d͡z | t͡ɕ · d͡ʑ | Mid | e | o | ||||
Fricative | f · v | θ · [ð] | s · z | ɕ · ʑ | χ · | Low | a, ə | ||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | [ŋ] | Diphthongs | To Front | To Back | ||
Lateral | l̪ | [ɬ] · ɮ | [ʎ] | [ɫ] | High | ui̯ | iu̯ | ||
Trill | r [ɾ] | r̝ | [ʀ] | Mid | eu̯ | ||||
Approximant | ʋ | j | Low | ai̯ | au̯ |
Eomentesa Dialect
Consonants | Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Dorsal | Vowels | Front | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p · b | t̪ · d̪ | k · ɡ | High | i | u, uː | |||
Affricate | t͡s · d͡z | Mid | e̞, e̞ː | o̞ | |||||
Fricative | f · v | θ · | s · z | (ç) · | Low | a | |||
Nasal | m | n̪ | [ŋ] | Diphthongs | To Front | To Back | |||
Lateral | l̪ | High | |||||||
Trill | r [ɾ] | Mid | |||||||
Low | au̯ |
Orthographic and Phonemic Mapping
Orth. | Brae. | Ten. | Eom. | Example | Classical | Tenibvreth | Eomentesa | Environment/Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | a | a | ath ‘to’ | [aθ] | [aθ] | [ats] | |
ae | ae̯ | ai̯ | e̞ː | laectje ‘milk’ | [ˈl̪ae̯.cʧe̞] | [lai̯ʨ] | [l̪eːʦ] | |
aou | au̯ | au̯ | a.o̞ | saou ‘salt’ | [sau̯] | [sau̯] | [ˈsa.o̞] | Only occurs word-finally. |
au | au̯ | au̯ | au̯ | aubvru ‘tree’ | [au̯.b͡βru] | [au̯vʀ(ʊ)] | [ˈau̯.bro̞] | |
au | au̯ | au̯ | a.o̞ | normau ‘normal’ | [n̪orˈmau̯] | [norˈmau̯] | [n̪o̞rˈma.o̞] | /_# |
b | b | b | b | baclu ‘stick’ | [ˈba.kl̪u] | [bakɬ] | [ˈba.klo̞] | |
bl | bl̪ | bɮ | bl̪ | blancu ‘white’ | [ˈbl̪aŋ.ku] | [bɮaŋk] | [ˈbl̪aŋ.ko̞] | |
bv | b͡β | v | b | ribveu ‘level’ | [ri.ˈb͡βeu̯] | [riˈveu̯] | [riˈbe̞.o̞] | Only occurs word-internally. |
c | k | k | k | cou ‘with’ | [kou̯] | [ku] | [ko̞] | |
c | c | ʨ | ʦ | glacja ‘ice’ | [ˈɡl̪a.ca] | [ˈɡɮa.ʨ(a)] | [ˈɡl̪a.ʦa] | /_{i,e} |
c | c | ʨ | s | centrau ‘central’ | [ce̞n̪ˈt̪ɾau̯] | [ʨenˈtɾau̯] | [sen̪ˈt̪ɾa.o̞] | /#_{i,e} |
cj | c | ʨ | ʦ | radjicja ‘root’ | [raˈʤi.ca] | [raˈʥiʨ(a)] | [raˈʣi.ʦa] | |
cj | c | ʨ | s | cjambiare ‘to change’ | [camˈbja.re] | [ʨamˈbjar̝(ɪ)] | [sam.biˈar] | /#_ |
cl | kl̪ | kɬ | kl̪ | clubvra ‘snake’ | [ˈkl̪u.b͡βra] | [ˈkɬu.vra] | [ˈkl̪u.bra] | |
ctj | cʃ | ʨ | ʦ | fruictju ‘fruit’ | [ˈɸrui̯.cʧu] | [ˈfruj.ʨ(ʊ)] | [ˈfruː.ʦo̞] | |
d | d̪ | d | d̪ | dente ‘tooth’ | [ˈd̪en̪.t̪e] | [denʨ(ɪ)] | [d̪e̞n̪t̪] | |
d | ð | ð | d̪ | cjaudu ‘hot’ | [ˈcau̯.ðu] | [ˈʨau̯ð(ʊ)] | [ˈsau̯.d̪o̞] | /S_S |
dj | ʤ | ʥ | ʣ | codjax ‘head of a poppy’ | [koˈʤa] | [koˈʥa] | [koˈdza] | |
dj | ʤ | ʥ | z | djurnu ‘day’ | [ˈʤurn̪u] | [ʥu(r)ɲ(ʊ)] | [ˈzur.n̪o̞] | /#_ |
e | e̞ | ∅ | ∅ | cjanje ‘dog’ | [ˈcaɲe] | [ʨaɲ(ɪ)] | [ʦaŋ] | /_# |
e | e̞ | e | e̞ | dente ‘tooth’ | [ˈd̪en̪.t̪e] | [denʨ(ɪ)] | [de̞nt] | |
ei | ei̯ | i | e̞ | deicje ‘ten’ | [d̪ei̯.ce] | [diʨ(ɪ)] | [de̞ʦ] | |
eu | eu̯ | eu̯ | e̞.o | seuva ‘forest’ | [ˈseu̯.va] | [seu̯.va] | [ˈse̞.o.va] | |
f | ɸ | f | f | folja ‘leaf’ | [ˈɸo̞.ʎa] | [foɮ(a)] | [fo̞.li.a] | |
fl | ɸl | fɬ | fl | flora ‘flower’ | [ɸl̪o.ra] | [fɬu.ra] | [flo̞.ra] | |
g | ɡ | ɡ | ɡ | grande ‘big’ | [ˈɡran̪.d̪e̞] | [ɡranʥ(ɪ)] | [ɡranʣ] | |
g | ɟ | ʥ | dz | gindrau ‘general’ | [ɟin̪ˈd̪ɾau̯] | [ʥinˈdɾau̯] | [zenˈdɾa.o̞] | /_{i,e |
gj | ɟ | ʥ | dz | gjalu ‘yellow’ | [ˈɟa.l̪u] | [ʥaɮ(ʊ)] | [zja.lo̞] | |
gl | ɡl | ɡɮ | ɡl | glacja ‘ice’ | [ˈɡl̪a.ca] | [ˈɡɮa.ʨ(a)] | [ˈɡla.ʦja] | |
gnj | ŋɲ | ŋɲ | nj | ignju ‘fire | [iŋ.ɲu] | [iŋ.ɲ(ʊ)] | [i.njo̞] | |
i | i | i | i | ilj ‘the’ | [iʎ] | [iɮ] | [il] | |
i | j | j | i | iecru ‘liver’ | [ˈje̞.kru] | [jekʀ(ʊ)] | [iˈe.kro̞] | /_V (!/u/) |
iu | ju | iu̯ | ʒu | iustu ‘right’ | [ˈju.st̪u] | [iu̯st(ʊ)] | [ʒu.sto̞] | |
l | l̪ | l̪ | l̪ | lape ‘stone’ | [ˈl̪a.pe̞] | [lap(ɪ)] | [lap] | |
lj | ʎ | ɮ | lj | aljis ‘others’ | [ˈa.ʎis] | [ˈa.ɮis] | [ˈa.ljis] | |
lj | ʎ | ɮ | l | ilj ‘the’ | [iʎ] | [iɮ] | [il] | /_# |
m | m | m | m | mourire ‘to die’ | [mou̯ˈri.re] | [muˈrir̝(ɪ)] | [mo̞ˈrir] | |
n | n | n | n | nascere ‘to be born’ | [ˈn̪asce̞.re] | [ˈnas.ʨer̝(ɪ)] | [ˈnas.je̞r] | |
nc | ŋk | ŋk | ŋk | ginclu ‘knee’ | [ˈɟiŋ.kl̪u] | [ʥiŋkɬ(ʊ)] | [ˈʣiŋ.klo̞] | |
ncj | ɲc | ŋkʨ | nts | louncjanu ‘far’ | [l̪ou̯ɲˈca.n̪u] | [luŋˈkʨan(ʊ)] | [lo̞nˈʦa.no̞] | |
nctj | ɲcʃ | ŋkʨ | nts | vinctje ‘twenty’ | [ˈβiŋk.ʧe̞] | [viŋkʨ(ɪ)] | [ˈvin.ʦe̞] | |
ng | ŋɡ | ŋɡ | ŋɡ | loungu ‘long’ | [ˈl̪ou̯ŋ.ɡu] | [luŋɡ(ʊ)] | [lo̞ŋ.ɡo̞] | |
ng | ɲɟ | ŋʥ | ndzj | pungere ‘to stab’ | [puɲˈɟe.re] | [puŋˈʥer̝(ɪ)] | [punˈʣje̞r] | /_{i,e |
ngj | ɲɟ | ŋʥ | ndzj | mengjare ‘to eat’ | [meɲˈɟa.re] | [meŋˈʥar̝(ɪ)] | [manˈʣjar] | |
nj | ɲ | ɲ | nj | anju ‘year’ | [ˈa.ɲu] | [ˈa.ɲ(ʊ)] | [ˈa.njo̞] | |
nje | ɲe̞ | ɲ | ŋ | cjanje ‘dog’ | [ˈca.ɲe̞] | [ʨaɲ(ɪ)] | [ʦaŋ] | /_# |
o | o̞ | o | o̞ | ovu ‘egg’ | [ˈo̞.vu] | [ov(ʊ)] | [ˈo̞.vo̞] | |
ou | ou̯ | u | o̞ | oudir ‘to hear’ | [ou̯ˈðir] | [uˈðir̝(ɪ)] | [o̞ˈdir] | |
p | p | p | p | pelju ‘hair’ | [ˈpe̞.ʎu] | [peɮ(ʊ)] | [pe̞.li.o̞] | |
pl | pl | pɬ | pl | pluvia ‘rain’ | [ˈpl̪u.vja] | [ˈpɬu.vja] | [ˈplu.vi.a] | |
qh | x | χ | ç | aqhma ‘life force’ | - | [ˈaχ.ma] | [ˈaç.ma] | Only in borrowings. |
qh | x~h | χ | ∅ | qheru ‘a kind of deer’ | - | [χer(ʊ)] | [eˈro̞] | /_{i,e. Only in borrowings. |
qu | kw | kʋ | kw | quei ‘what’ | [kwei̯] | [kʋi] | [kwe̞] | |
qu | kw | k | kw | equou ‘horse’ | [ˈe̞.kwu] | [ˈe.ku] | [ˈe̞.kwo̞] | /_{o,u |
r | r | r | r | ridere ‘to laugh’ | [riˈðe.re] | [riˈðer̝(ɪ)] | [riˈder] | |
r | ɾ | ɾ | ɾ | trei(di)cje ‘thirteen’ | [ˈt̪ɾei̯ðice̞] | [tɾiʨ(ɪ)] | [tɾe̞ʦ] | /[+dnt]_ |
rj | r̝ | r̝ | ri | terja ‘earth’ | [ˈt̪e̞.r̝a] | [ˈte.r̝(a)] | [ˈte̞.ri.a] | |
s | s | s | s | secjar ‘to cut’ | [se̞ˈcar] | [se.ʨar̝(ɪ)] | [se̞.ʦar] | |
s | s | s | s | espousa ‘wife’ | [eˈspou̯.za] | [eˈspu.za] | [e̞ˈspo̞.za] | /S_S |
sc | sc | sʨ | sj | escir ‘to know’ | [esˈcir] | [esˈʨir̝(ɪ)] | [eˈs(j)ir] | /_{i,e |
scj | sc | sʨ | sj | escjavare ‘to dig’ | [es.caˈβa.re] | [es.ʨaˈvar̝(ɪ)] | [es.ja.var] | |
sj | ʃ | ɕ | sj | sji ‘yes’ | [ʃi] | [ɕi] | [s(j)i] | |
t | t | t | t | tutu ‘all’ | [ˈt̪u.t̪u] | [tut(ʊ)] | [ˈtu.to̞] | |
th | θ | θ | t | eth ‘and’ | [e̞θ] | [eθ] | [e̞t] | |
tj | ʧ | ʨ | ts | setje ‘seven’ | [se̞.ʧe̞] | [seʨ(ɪ)] | [se̞ʦ] | |
tz | ts | ts | ts | tzincje ‘five’ | [ˈt̪siŋ.ce̞] | [tsiŋkʨ(ɪ)] | [ˈsin.ʦe] | /#_ |
tz | dz | dz | ts | pitzitu ‘small’ | [piˈd̪zi.t̪u] | [piˈdzit(ʊ)] | [peˈʣi.to̞] | /S_S |
u | u | u | u | uricla ‘ear’ | [uˈri.kl̪a] | [uˈri.kɬa] | [uˈri.kla] | |
ui | ui̯ | ui̯ | u | luictjare ‘to fight’ | [l̪ui̯kˈcʃa.re] | [lui̯ˈʨar̝(ɪ)] | [luˈʦar] | |
v | β | v | v | voulere ‘to want’ | [vou̯ˈl̪e.re] | [vuˈler̝(ɪ)] | [vo̞’le̞r] | |
x | iljax ‘there’ | [iˈʎa] | [iˈɮa] | [a.ˈlja] | Indicates stress. | |||
z | z | z | z | In borrowings. | ||||
zj | ʒ | ʑ | zj | frezjire ‘to lead astray’ | [freˈʒi.re] | [freˈʑir̝(ɪ)] | [fre̞ˈzjir] | In borrowings. |