Zjenav
Zjenav is a language created by BenJamin P. Johnson in 2020 for Luca-Fabio di Franco to be used in an upcoming novel series.
Phonology
Vowels
There are five vowels. Vowels do not have phonemic length.
Diphthongs
There are eight diphthongs. In some dialects, diphthongs may be merged, and/or rising diphthongs may become falling.
Consonants
The consonants of Zjenav are notable for having robust set of unvoiced sonorants.
Zjenav is most commonly written in an impure abjad (that is, an alphabet, but the vowels are written as diacritic marks above or below the consonants, depending on the positioning of any ascenders or descenders which may obstruct their positioning). There is also a “placeholder” consonant (') for vowels which occur at the beginning of words.
Consonants
The consonants are divided into types according to their place of articulation (where in the mouth each consonant is produced). These align roughly with the columns of the consonant table at the beginning of the phonology section, and consist of: labial, coronal, palatal, and dorsal (the last being a combination of the sparsely populated velar and uvular columns). There are also three types of consonant ligatures; that is, two consonants which are joined together to form a new letter when written together.
Vowels
Vowels are written as marks above or below the consonant that precedes them. In all there are five vowels and eight diphthongs, but they are all written as diacritics, for a total of thirteen possible vowels. By default, they are written above, but when a consonant has an ascender (a line which rises upward and encroaches on the space where the vowel should be placed), the vowel is placed below the consonant and flipped, so that the vowel maintains the same orientation toward its consonant “base.” (Wider consonants, like 〈hm〉, with sufficient room for ascenders may still have vowels above.)
Four consonants – 〈s〉, 〈z), 〈sj〉, and 〈zj〉 – have both ascenders and descenders. Vowels are placed above these characters. In some cases, the vowel markings may be turned or modified in order to fit properly. Finally 〈h〉 is a solid line with no room to put a vowel either above or below, so a special variant character is used and the vowel is placed above.
Alignments
Typology
The typology of Zjenav is predominantly SVO (subject-verb-object). The positions of subject and object may shift depending on topicality or markedness.
Morphosyntactic Alignment
Zjenav has nominative-accusative alignment, which means that nouns and pronouns are differentiated for subject and object roles.
Headedness
The Zjenav language is predominantly head-final (“right-branching”).
Noun Phrases
In noun phrases, prepositions, demonstratives and articles, and numerals precede the noun. Ad-jectives, genitive constructions, and relative clauses all follow the noun, in that specific order (preposition—(demonstrative)—NOUN—adjective (phrase)—numeral—relative clause). Genitive, dative, benefactive, and instrumental phrases may appear anywhere in the clause, though they tend to follow the main noun except in marked speech.
Adjective Phrases
In adjective phrases, (adverbial) measurements of degree (very, so, too, &c.) always precede the adjective.