Hakdor

Hakdor (natively known as Iuqilol /juʤiˈlol/) is any of various language modes employed by the Hakdor (also known as “the Blighted”), a genetically modified race of humanoids on Aterra.

• Hakdor words

Phonology

Unlike standard human languages, the language of the Hakdor is not based exclusively on phonology. Instead it is based on a series of “modes,” of which phonology is just one expression. It is possible for a group of Hakdor who primarily use a vocal language to communicate instantly with a group whose language is primarily manual, written, or melodic, since all the modes are just reflexes of the same processes.

However, since spoken language is the theme of this exercise, the average approximate phonology of verbalized Hakdor follows. ̩

Consonants

	Labial	Coronal	Palatal	Dorsal
Stop	p p · b	t t · d	q ʧ · ʤ	k k · ɡ
Fricative	f f · v	s s · z	c ʃ · ʒ	h x · (#h)
Nasal	n · (#m)	n · n		n · (ŋ#)
Approximant	u · w	r · r	i · j	l · l

Vowels

	Front	Back
High	i ·	· u
Mid	e ·	· o
Mid	a ·

Phonotactics

• The standard syllable is CVC with a maximum CC at syllable boundaries.
• 〈N〉 is a homorganic nasal which is realized as [m] in onsets, [n] when intervocalic, and [ŋ] word-finally.
  • E.g. nanan ‘name’ = [manaŋ]
• 〈I〉 and 〈U〉 may be recognized as consonants or vowels depending on adjacent phonemes. The Hakdor language is structured in such a way that nearly every word follows a pattern of CVC(VC), so if they appear adjacent to a consonant, they’re vowels; otherwise, they’re consonants. (The sole exception to the CVCVC rule occurs in verbs when the particle ra is written as a suffix to the verb, resulting in a CVCCV structure.)

Orthography & Romanization

Hak	Rom	IPA	Comp
i	i	i~ɪ	Like 〈i〉 in machine.
e	e	e~ɛ	Like 〈ay〉 in day.
a	a	a~ɑ	Like 〈a〉 in father.
o	o	o~ɔ	Like 〈o〉 in rope.
u	u	u~ʊ	Like 〈oo〉 in food.
p	p	p	Like 〈p〉 in pool.
p	b	b	When between two vowels, 〈p〉 is like 〈b〉 in able.
t	t	t	Like 〈t〉 in take.
t	d	d	When between two vowels, 〈t〉 is like 〈d〉 in radar.
q	ch	ʧ~ʨ	Like 〈ch〉 in cheese.
q	dj	ʤ~ʥ	When between two vowels, 〈q〉 is like 〈g〉 in rages.
k	k	k	Like 〈k〉 in keep.
k	g	ɡ	When between two vowels, 〈k〉 is like 〈g〉 in eagle.
f	f	f~ф	Like 〈f〉 in fine.
f	v	β	When between two vowels, 〈f〉 is like 〈v〉 in every.
s	s	s	Like 〈s〉 in seek.
s	z	z	When between two vowels, 〈s〉 is like 〈z〉 in hazard.
c	sh	ʃ~ɕ	Like 〈sh〉 in shake.
c	zh	ʒ~ʑ	When between two vowels, 〈c〉 is like 〈s〉 in usual.
h	h	h	At the beginning of a word, like 〈h〉 in hand.
h	kh	x	When between two vowels or word-finally, 〈h〉 is like 〈j〉 in Spanish rojo.
n	m	m	At the beginning of a word, like 〈m〉 in moon.
n	n	n	In the middle of a word, like 〈n〉 in any.
n	ng	ŋ	At the end of a word, 〈n〉 is like 〈ng〉 in English singing.
u	w	w	Like 〈w〉 in awake.
r	r	r~ɾ	Like 〈rr〉 in Spanish perro.
i	y	j	Like 〈y〉 in yell.
l	l	l	Like 〈l〉 in like.

For improved readability, our “presentation form” transliteration differentiates between the letters W and U; Y and I; M, N and NG; H and KH; and the voicing pairs P~B, T~D, CH~J, K~G, F~V, S~Z, and SH~ZH; though in the Hakdor alphabet these letters are not distinguished.

The vowels are pronounced roughly as they are in Spanish, though there can be wide variation from one speaker community to another and even from individual to individual.

Morphology

Substantives

Gender and Number

Hakdor nouns lack grammatical gender and number. The pronouns show rudimentary reduplicative plural forms.

Possession

Possession is indicated with the adposition -is which is suffixed to the substantive it modified (very similar to English “-’s”). In addition to standard possession of nouns, it is also used with pronouns to form the basis of the possessive pronouns rather than a separate genitive-like construction. (More under #Adpositions, below.)

• Sitra takuc lauik cekis.

  ‘That is my stone.’ (“Is that-thing stone me-of.”)

Pronouns

Personal pronouns are fairly simple in scope. The third person does not have gender distinction, but accounts for animacy. The first person plural has clusivity (i.e. there is a difference between “we including you” and “we but not you”). The inclusive pronoun, cesan, is used for both singular and plural (i.e. “you and me” and “you all and me”); the derivation “**cesasan” is not correct, though is sometimes heard from children.

The personal pronouns are:

Singular		Plural
cek	‘I, me’	cecek	‘we, us’
cesan	‘you and I, we’
san	‘you’	sasan	‘you (all)’
tui	‘he, she’	tutui	‘they’
tak	‘it’	tatak	‘they, those’

Adpositions

Hakdor has a small, closed set of adpositions which follow the noun phrase (i.e. post-positions). Many common “locational” prepositions are formed with a combination of directional phrases and pertingent, allative, apudessive, genitive, or translative adpositions. For example, ‘behind you’ might be translated as kecak-et san-is – literally, “next to the back of you.”

	Meaning	Type	Example
as	to, towards	Allative	Qetra cecek tis riqanol–as. ‘We are going to town.’
is	of, belonging to, ’s, related to, from, away from	Genitive	Sitra tuiek iatup cek–is. ‘This is my parent.’
un	with, by means of, using	Instrumental	tikra tui tak tikun–un. ‘He hits it with a hammer.’
of	for, for the purpose of, for the benefit of	Benefactive	Sitra qeiot –ek tis san–of. ‘This flower is for you.’
uq	on, touching, adjacent to, affixed to	Pertingent	Uekra qotec (kireu–is) tis nukip–uq tui–is ‘There is a (tree’s) leaf on his arm.’
ai	with, in the company of	Commitative	Uekra pepan tis iatup–ai tui–is ‘The child is with her father.’
et	by, next to, near, at, in	Apudessive	Uekra tui tis riqan–et tui–is ‘He is at his house.’
ik	through, past, beyond, along	Translative	Iaqetra tui tis qitulik kireuol–is ‘She walked through the forest.’

Some nuance can be added using different relational adpositions, e.g. using the pertingent instead of the apudessive: kecak–uq san–is ‘behind you’ ~ “on (touching) the back of you.” Allative changes the meaning yet again: kecak–as san–is ‘behind you’ ~ “to(ward) the back of you.” Genitive imparts the opposite meaning from allative: kecak–is san–is ‘from behind you’ ~ “out from the back of you.” Translative indicates motion that does not have an origin or destination: kecak–ik san–is ‘behind you’ ~ “past the back of you.” Directional deixes are shared with the parts of the body normally associated with said directions.

	uq Pertingent (Touching)	et Apudessive (Beside)	as Allative (Towards)	is Genitive (Away from)	ik Translative (Past)
luceh ‘top ~ head’	on, on top of “touching the head of”	over, above “near the head of”	to the top of, onto, upon “towards the head of”	from the top of “from the head of”	over the top of, overhead “past the head of”
cafin ‘front ~ chest’	on the front of “touching the chest of”	in front of, before “near the chest of”	to the front of “towards the chest of”	from the front of “from the chest of”	past the front of “past the chest of”
nukip ‘side ~ arm’	on, on the side of “touching the arm of”	beside, next to, by, near “near the arm of”	to the side of “towards the arm of”	from the side of “from the arm of”	past the side of “past the arm of”
qitul ‘middle ~ belly’	in, inside, on the inside of “touching the belly of”	inside “near the belly of”	into, to the inside of “towards the belly of”	out of, from the inside of “from the belly of”	through “past the belly of”
kecak ‘back’	on the back of “touching the back of”	behind “near the back of”	behind, to the back of “towards the back of”	(out) from behind “from the back of”	behind, past “past the back of”
putei ‘bottom ~ foot’	on the bottom of “touching the foot of”	under, beneath “near the foot of”	under, to the bottom of “towards the foot of”	out from under “from the foot of”	under, under the bottom of “past the foot of”

Adjectives

Adjectives exclusively follow the nouns they modify. E.g.

• nuqiu seu ‘green grass’.
• henut heq ‘dirty fingernails’.
• lehil kit ‘few’.

When used as a predicate, the adjective is considered the direct object and fulfills the object role without the need of the expletive pronoun. E.g.

• Sitra nuqiu seu. ‘The grass is green.’
• Sitra henut heq. ‘The fingernails are dirty.’

But…

• Sitra tis lehil kit. ‘There are few birds.’

In the last sentence, “few birds” is the predicate, not just “few,” so the expletive subject tis is still required.

Colours

Perhaps due to the unique brain structure and thought processes of the Hakdor, their standard colour system is linguistically unique. While most languages develop basic colour terms in specific stages (black/white > red > yellow/green > blue > brown > pink/purple/orange/grey), based on the hexadecimal properties of their language, the Hakdor natively recognize 8 basic colour terms: those of the 1-bit 2-channel colour palette based on RBG and CMY values.

pai white #FFFFFF	tan yellow #FFFF00	qoi magenta #FF00FF	ken cyan #00FFFF
foc red #FF0000	seu green #00FF00	cur blue #0000FF	hul black #000000

Numerals

The Hakdor numerals are hexadecimal; that is, base-16. For hexadecimal transcription, 〈A〉 is used to represent ‘ten’, 〈B〉 for ‘eleven’, 〈C〉 for ‘twelve’ , 〈D〉 for ‘thirteen’ , 〈E〉 for ‘fourteen’ , and 〈F〉 for ‘fifteen’. Decimal equivalents are given in parentheses after the hexadecimal.

While there are words for exponents – like hundred, thousand, million, and so on – most numbers are simply read as strings of digits from left to right. So 4EB6 (20,150 in decimal) is spoken: ual-ruk-tin-kut. As a result, two additional number terms are common in Hakdor: lalah, which we might translate as “double-zero,” and lalalah, which I’ll leave to you to figure out. So “100” is as likely to be pronounced kir-lalah as ren.

lah	0		iel (kir lah)	10	(16)	tat lah	20	(32)	iel (kir lah)	10	(16)
kir	1		kir kir	11	(17)	tat kir	21	(33)	tat lah	20	(32)
tat	2		kir tat	12	(18)	tat tat	22	(34)	ser lah	30	(48)
ser	3		kir ser	13	(19)	tat ser	23	(35)	ual lah	40	(64)
ual	4		kir ual	14	(20)	tat ual	24	(36)	net lah	50	(80)
net	5		kir net	15	(21)	tat net	25	(37)	kut lah	60	(96)
kut	6		kir kut	16	(22)	tat kut	26	(38)	pel lah	70	(112)
pel	7		kir pel	17	(23)	tat pel	27	(39)	hak lah	80	(128)
hak	8		kir hak	18	(24)	tat hak	28	(40)	iir lah	90	(144)
iir	9		kir iir	19	(25)	tat iir	29	(41)	heu lah	A0	(160)
heu	A	(10)	kir heu	1A	(26)	tat heu	2A	(42)	tin lah	B0	(176)
tin	B	(11)	kir tin	1B	(27)	tat tin	2B	(43)	kal lah	C0	(192)
kal	C	(12)	kir kal	1C	(28)	tat kal	2C	(44)	ion lah	D0	(208)
ion	D	(13)	kir ion	1D	(29)	tat ion	2D	(45)	ruk lah	E0	(224)
ruk	E	(14)	kir ruk	1E	(30)	tat ruk	2E	(46)	uot lah	F0	(240)
uot	F	(15)	kir uot	1F	(31)	tat uot	2F	(47)	kir lalah (ren)	100	(256)

Verbs

Hakdor verbs are a bit unusual in that there are very few of them; in all there are a total of sixteen, all of which operate as what we might think of as auxiliary verbs. Most of them occur in opposing pairs, such as give ~ take or rise ~ fall. The Hakdor verbs are:

	Base Meaning	(Some) Extended Meanings
ketra	‘to give’	to transfer, to remove (from oneself), to shed, to excrete
tokra	‘to take’	to eat, to consume, to steal
iitra	‘to throw’	to observe with the senses (iitra luuat = ‘look at’)
kepra	‘to catch’	to capture, to seize
pasra	‘to fall’	to do something accidentally, to sleep
sopra	‘to rise’	to ascend, to awaken, to succeed
uekra	‘to sit’	to be located,
kupra	‘to stand’	to be upright, to be in a state of
hapra	‘to have’	to control, to hold, to be imbued with (e.g. ability)
rekra	‘to do’	to make, to compel, to cause, to force
pikra	‘to pick up’	to grasp, ~take
topra	‘to put down’	to put in place, to situate, ~give, to sense (topra luuat = ‘to see’)
katra	‘to keep’	to protect, to hide
sitra	‘to be’	to exist, copula
qetra	‘to go’	to move, to travel, to start
tikra	‘to hit’	to make contact with, to touch

Yet as few verbs as there are, every clause requires one. Usually, what we generally think of as the verb of a clause is a noun which changes meaning when used as the direct object of a verb. For example, “to look at” translates as iit luuat ‘to throw eyes’, but you might think of it as the more melodious “to cast a glance.” In fact, all sensing words use iit as their verb, though “cast an ear” (iit siiek, ‘listen’) or ‘cast an eye’ (iit luuat, ‘look’) sound a little nicer to our ears than ‘throw a nose’ (iit safiu, ‘smell’) or ‘hurl a tongue’ (iit ruhac, ‘taste’).

Particles

Hakdor verbs do not inflect, so indications of tense, aspect, mood, mode, evidentiality, voice, and other verbal features are indicated exclusively with particles placed before the verb, usually in the form of affixes.

Particle	Type	Meaning	Notes
la	relative	that, which	A conjunction – goes at the beginning of a phrase.
na	interrogative	is it, does it, ĉu, か , 嗎	A conjunction – goes at the beginning of a phrase.
ia	preterit	did, have done	Precedes negative; otherwise closest to verb root.
sa	topic	important	Precedes all particles except the conjunctions.
ca	negative	not	Must be closest to the verb root.
ra	future	will	Precedes negative; otherwise closest to verb root.

Conjunctions

Clausal conjunctions in Hakdor always go at the beginning of a clause; there are also some phrasal conjunctions which separate the arguments being conjoined. The clausal conjunctions are comprised of logic operators, so in addition to the typical ‘and’, ‘or’, and ‘but’, there are also specialized conjunctions like ‘xnor’, ‘xor’, and ‘nand’. As mentioned in the previous section, the relative and interrogative particles also function as conjunctions.

Conjunction	Type	Meaning	Notes
la	relative	that, which	(see above)
na	interrogative	is it, whether	(see above)
cah	negative	not	Logical inverter: NOT; argument is false.
ti	conjunctive	and, and then	Logic gate: AND; both arguments are true
kas	disjunctive	or	Logic gate: OR; one or both arguments are true
ueq	alternative denial	nand, and not	Logic gate: NAND; both arguments are false
nor	joint denial	nor, or not	Logic gate: NOR; neither argument is true
ruh	exclusive	xor	Logic gate: XOR; only one argument is true
noh	biconditional	xnor, not xor	Logic gate: XNOR; both arguments are true or both are false
qek	adversative	but, however

The particles la and na may operate as independent words, or as prefixes where they occur directly before a verb.

Syntax

Basic Word Order & Alignments

The basic order of Hakdor is strict VSO; that is: Verb, Subject, Object. It is also topic-prominent, so a topic area may be indicated with the particle sa- (in many cases roughly equivalent to Japanese は [wa]).

Typology

Strict VSO. Sentences without an object (e.g. “I sit,” uekra cek tis,) must take a dummy object (tis) after the subject. Conversely, subjectless sentences (e.g. “It seems,” sitra tis ric,) use tis as a subject. (In English we use the expletive pronoun it in these types of sentences.) Furthermore, indirect objects always occupy the fourth position in a clause (e.g. “It seems to me,” sitra tis ric cek.)

Noun Phrases

The standard order of most noun phrases is:

1. Noun
2. Demonstrative
3. Adjective (phrase)
4. Numeral
5. Adposition
6. Genitive (phrase)
7. Relative (clause)

E.g. ‘…with those three thin men from the village who stole my brother’s dog’ would be translated more literally as ‘man-that thin three-with village-from that stole who the-dog of-the-brother of-me.’

…tuiuc til serai riqanolis laiatokra tuiuc nurak nucutis cekis.
tui-uc	til	ser-ai	riqanol-is	la-ia-tok-ra	tui-uc	nurak	nucut-is	cek-is
person-dst	thin	3-com	village-gen	rel-pst-take-vrb	one-dst	dog	brother-gen	1sg-gen
men those	thin	three with	village from	that stole	who	dog	brother of	me of
…with those three thin men from the village who stole my brother’s dog

Adjective Phrases

Degree adverbs precede the adjective they modify:

1. Adjective
2. Degree Adverb (very, such, barely, quite, occasionally...)

E.g. ‘That was a very good dog,’ would be literally, ‘Was that-one dog good very.’

Iasitra tuiuc nurak tar pen.
ia-sit-ra	tui-uc	nurak	tar	pen
pst-cop-vrb	one-dst	dog	good	aug
was	that one	dog	good	very
That was a very good dog.

Verb Phrases

The standard order of most verb phrases is:

1. Conjunction
2. Adverb
3. Particles (tense, aspect, mood, &c)
4. Negative Marker
5. Verb
6. Subject
7. Direct Object
8. Indirect Object
9. Temporal/Spatial Adverb or Phrase(s)

Relative Clauses

Relative clauses are formed by using the distal correlatives as relative conjunctions. If the correlative is a pronoun, it usually takes the place of the subject or object of the verb. Relative clauses follow the noun they modify. E.g.

Sidra tuiuc nurak laiatokra tuiuc iului ciqisis cekis.
sit-ra	tui-uc	nurak	la-	ia-tok-ra	tui-uc	iului	ciqis-is	cek-is
cop-vrb	one-dst	dog	rel-	pst-take-vrb	one-dst	fruit	fish-gen	1sg-gen
is	that one	dog	who	took	that one	food	of fish	of me
That is the dog who ate my fish.

Sitra nuqiu nec la kanuc pasra tis ioruier iuueqis.
sit-ra	nuqiu	nec	la	kan-uc	pas-ra	tis	iorui-er	iuueq-is
cop-vrb	grass	wet	rel	time-dst	fall-vrb	it	water-particle	sky-gen
is	grass	wet	that	when	falls	(it)	rain
The grass is wet when it rains.

Vocabulary

• Hakdor words