Valthungian/Nouns - Revision history

Jamin: /* a‑Stem Variations */

2023-02-21T04:51:46Z

a‑Stem Variations

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:51, 21 February 2023
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	The syllabic ra‑stems are ostensibly identical to the rest of the syllabic stems, but the masculine nominative singular does not take a final '''‑s''' (see ra‑stems and syllabic a‑stems above).		The syllabic ra‑stems are ostensibly identical to the rest of the syllabic stems, but the masculine nominative singular does not take a final '''‑s''' (see ra‑stems and syllabic a‑stems above).
	{{Valthungian/n.st.m.a-clst-syl\|fingr\|finger}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.m.a-clst-syl\|fingr\|finger}}

	~~=====ha‑Stems=====~~
	~~(skōfs) nom & acc sg have f; gu elsewhere~~
	~~======iha‑Stems======~~
	~~iha‑stems (slīs) it gets weird...~~

	*geminate‑stems (puls, swams) single sonorant in nom and acc sg; extended syllabic reflex elsewhere

	~~=====Syllabic a‑Stems=====~~
	*syllabic stems (bagmas, naglas) – no metathesis, ‑a(‑) gets added where necessary
	~~=====Syllabic ra‑Stems=====~~
	*syllabic ra‑stems (þundra, naðra) – syllabic, also no nominative singular ‑s

	=====ha‑Stems=====		=====ha‑Stems=====

Jamin: /* a‑Stem Variations */

2023-02-21T04:41:14Z

a‑Stem Variations

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:41, 21 February 2023
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	=====ba‑Stems=====		=====ba‑Stems=====
	Stems which end in ‑ba in Proto‑Germanic become unvoiced in the nominative and accusative singular in Valthungian. Specifically, ba‑stems end in '''‑f''' in the nominative and accusative, and have '''‑v‑''' elsewhere. The ba‑stems have also come to include the fa‑stems, which are now indistinguishable.		Stems which end in ‑ba in Proto‑Germanic become unvoiced in the nominative and accusative singular in Valthungian. Specifically, ba‑stems end in '''‑f''' in the nominative and accusative, and have '''‑v‑''' elsewhere. The ba‑stems have also come to include the fa‑stems, which are now indistinguishable.
	{{:Valthungian/n.st.m.ba\|wlu\|wolf}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.m.ba\|wlu\|wolf}}
	{{Valthungian/n.st.n.ba\|dra\|job}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.n.ba\|dra\|job}}

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	=====Syllabic ra‑Stems=====		=====Syllabic ra‑Stems=====
	The syllabic ra‑stems are ostensibly identical to the rest of the syllabic stems, but the masculine nominative singular does not take a final '''‑s''' (see ra‑stems and syllabic a‑stems above).		The syllabic ra‑stems are ostensibly identical to the rest of the syllabic stems, but the masculine nominative singular does not take a final '''‑s''' (see ra‑stems and syllabic a‑stems above).
	{{Valthungian/n.st.m.a-syl~~-clst~~\|fingr\|finger}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.m.a-clst-syl\|fingr\|finger}}

			=====ha‑Stems=====
			(skōfs) nom & acc sg have f; gu elsewhere
			======iha‑Stems======
			iha‑stems (slīs) it gets weird...

			*geminate‑stems (puls, swams) single sonorant in nom and acc sg; extended syllabic reflex elsewhere

			=====Syllabic a‑Stems=====
			*syllabic stems (bagmas, naglas) – no metathesis, ‑a(‑) gets added where necessary
			=====Syllabic ra‑Stems=====
			*syllabic ra‑stems (þundra, naðra) – syllabic, also no nominative singular ‑s

	=====ha‑Stems=====		=====ha‑Stems=====

Jamin: /* Geminate a‑Stems */

2023-02-21T04:37:59Z

Geminate a‑Stems

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:37, 21 February 2023
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	=====Geminate a‑Stems=====		=====Geminate a‑Stems=====
	– that is, ‑ll‑, ‑rr‑, ‑mm‑, or ‑nn‑. Because of the way geminates evolved and eventually disappeared in the history of Valthungian, this results in an insertive ‑t‑ appearing in the declensions that have voiced spirants in the ba‑ and da‑stems: all but the nominative and accusative singular, where the geminates collapse to a single sonorant consonant. The declensions with t‑insertion decline as syllabics (see below).		The geminate a‑stems result from a‑stems whose roots end in a geminate sonorant – that is, ‑ll‑, ‑rr‑, ‑mm‑, or ‑nn‑. Because of the way geminates evolved and eventually disappeared in the history of Valthungian, this results in an insertive ‑t‑ appearing in the declensions that have voiced spirants in the ba‑ and da‑stems: all but the nominative and accusative singular, where the geminates collapse to a single sonorant consonant. The declensions with t‑insertion decline as syllabics (see below).
	{{Valthungian/n.st.m.mma\|swa\|mushroom}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.m.mma\|swa\|mushroom}}
	{{Valthungian/n.st.n.lla\|spi\|legend}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.n.lla\|spi\|legend}}

Jamin: /* a‑Stem Variations */

2023-02-21T04:35:47Z

a‑Stem Variations

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:35, 21 February 2023
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	{{Valthungian/n.st.m.a-clst\|fišk\|fish}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.m.a-clst\|fišk\|fish}}

	~~=====ha‑Stems=====~~
	~~(skōfs) nom & acc sg have f; gu elsewhere~~
	~~======iha‑Stems======~~
	~~iha‑stems (slīs) it gets weird...~~
	=====ma‑Stems=====		=====ma‑Stems=====
	Masculine and neuter ma‑stem nouns are regular except that the dative plural ends in '''‑am''' rather than ~~'''~~‑ma~~'''~~.		Masculine and neuter ma‑stem nouns are regular except that the dative plural ends in '''‑am''' rather than **‑ma.
	{{Valthungian/n.st.m.ma\|drǭ\|dream}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.m.ma\|drǭ\|dream}}
	{{Valthungian/n.st.n.ma\|rū\|space}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.n.ma\|rū\|space}}
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	=====na‑Stems=====		=====na‑Stems=====
	*na‑stems (himins, ~~lapins) – no metathesis~~ in ~~dative or~~ accusative plural		Masculine and neuter na‑stem nouns, like the ma‑stems are regular except that the dative plural ends in '''‑am''' rather than ‑ma. The masculine accusative plural also has '''‑ans''' instead of ‑nas.
			{{Valthungian/n.st.m.na\|ǭ\|oven}}
			{{Valthungian/n.st.n.na\|þlǣ\|hill}}

	=====Geminate a‑Stems=====		=====Geminate a‑Stems=====
	*geminate‑stems (puls, ~~swams)~~ single sonorant ~~in nom and acc sg; extended syllabic reflex elsewhere~~		– that is, ‑ll‑, ‑rr‑, ‑mm‑, or ‑nn‑. Because of the way geminates evolved and eventually disappeared in the history of Valthungian, this results in an insertive ‑t‑ appearing in the declensions that have voiced spirants in the ba‑ and da‑stems: all but the nominative and accusative singular, where the geminates collapse to a single sonorant consonant. The declensions with t‑insertion decline as syllabics (see below).
			{{Valthungian/n.st.m.mma\|swa\|mushroom}}
			{{Valthungian/n.st.n.lla\|spi\|legend}}

	=====Syllabic a‑Stems=====		=====Syllabic a‑Stems=====
	*syllabic stems ~~(bagmas~~, ~~naglas)~~ – ~~no metathesis~~, ~~‑a(‑) gets added where necessary~~
			The syllabic stems are those whose roots end with an obstruent followed by a sonorant. In East Germanic up to the era of Middle Valthungian, lone sonorants were capable of being syllabic – that is, acting as their own nuclei in a syllable if not adjacent to a vowel – but due to the phonological development of Modern Valthungian, syllabic sonorants became impossible. This led to the insertion of a vowel to bolster these “dangling sonorants.”
			{{Valthungian/n.st.m.a-syl\|bagm\|tree}}
			{{Valthungian/n.st.n.a-syl\|tagl\|tail}}

	=====Syllabic ra‑Stems=====		=====Syllabic ra‑Stems=====
	*syllabic ra‑stems ~~(þundra, naðra) –~~ syllabic, ~~also no~~ nominative singular ‑s		The syllabic ra‑stems are ostensibly identical to the rest of the syllabic stems, but the masculine nominative singular does not take a final '''‑s''' (see ra‑stems and syllabic a‑stems above).
			{{Valthungian/n.st.m.a-syl-clst\|fingr\|finger}}

			=====ha‑Stems=====
			(skōfs) nom & acc sg have f; gu elsewhere
			======iha‑Stems======
			iha‑stems (slīs) it gets weird...

	==ō‑Stems (Feminine)==		==ō‑Stems (Feminine)==

Jamin: /* a‑Stem Variations */

2023-02-20T17:12:45Z

a‑Stem Variations

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:12, 20 February 2023
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	=====ba‑Stems=====		=====ba‑Stems=====
	Stems which end in ‑ba in Proto‑Germanic become unvoiced in the nominative and accusative singular in Valthungian. Specifically, ba‑stems end in '''‑f''' in the nominative and accusative, and have '''‑v‑''' elsewhere. The ba‑stems have also come to include the fa‑stems, which are now indistinguishable.		Stems which end in ‑ba in Proto‑Germanic become unvoiced in the nominative and accusative singular in Valthungian. Specifically, ba‑stems end in '''‑f''' in the nominative and accusative, and have '''‑v‑''' elsewhere. The ba‑stems have also come to include the fa‑stems, which are now indistinguishable.
	{{:Valthungian/n.st.m.ba\|~~vlu~~\|wolf}}		{{:Valthungian/n.st.m.ba\|wlu\|wolf}}
	{{Valthungian/n.st.n.ba\|dra\|job}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.n.ba\|dra\|job}}

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	Following the same pattern as the ba‑stems, da‑stems have '''‑ð‑''' in most declensions but '''‑þ''' in the nominative and accusative singular. The da‑stems have also come to include the þa‑stems, which are now indistinguishable.		Following the same pattern as the ba‑stems, da‑stems have '''‑ð‑''' in most declensions but '''‑þ''' in the nominative and accusative singular. The da‑stems have also come to include the þa‑stems, which are now indistinguishable.
	{{Valthungian/n.st.m.da\|mō\|disposition}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.m.da\|mō\|disposition}}
	{{Valthungian/n.st.n.da\|~~vro~~\|word}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.n.da\|wro\|word}}

	=====za‑Stems=====		=====za‑Stems=====
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	=====ra‑Stems=====		=====ra‑Stems=====
	The ra‑stems behave similarly – they are ostensibly regular but the final '''‑s''' is dropped from the masculine nominative singular – but the reason for this dropping happens much earlier, in pre-Gothic East Germanic. Originally it only affected masculine nouns ending in '''‑r''' after a short vowel, but in Middle Valthungian times, it came to include all masculine nouns ending in '''‑r'''. Neuter r‑stem nouns are regular.		The ra‑stems behave similarly – they are ostensibly regular but the final '''‑s''' is dropped from the masculine nominative singular – but the reason for this dropping happens much earlier, in pre-Gothic East Germanic. Originally it only affected masculine nouns ending in '''‑r''' after a short vowel, but in Middle Valthungian times, it came to include all masculine nouns ending in '''‑r'''. Neuter r‑stem nouns are regular.
			{{Valthungian/n.st.m.ra\|we\|man}}

	=====Cluster‑Stems=====		=====Cluster‑Stems=====
	Similar to the r‑ and s‑stems, cluster stems are nouns ending in the clusters ‑st, ‑sp, ‑sk, ‑šk, or ‑ft. They are regular but for the lack of final '''‑s''' in the nominative masculine singular. Neuter cluster‑stem nouns are regular.		Similar to the r‑ and s‑stems, cluster stems are nouns ending in the clusters ‑st, ‑sp, ‑sk, ‑šk, or ‑ft. They are regular but for the lack of final '''‑s''' in the nominative masculine singular. Neuter cluster‑stem nouns are regular.
			{{Valthungian/n.st.m.a-clst\|fišk\|fish}}

	=====ha‑Stems=====		=====ha‑Stems=====

Jamin: /* a‑Stem Variations */

2023-02-20T17:10:52Z

a‑Stem Variations

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:10, 20 February 2023
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	=====ba‑Stems=====		=====ba‑Stems=====
	Stems which end in ‑ba in Proto‑Germanic become unvoiced in the nominative and accusative singular in Valthungian. Specifically, ba‑stems end in '''‑f''' in the nominative and accusative, and have '''‑v‑''' elsewhere. The ba‑stems have also come to include the fa‑stems, which are now indistinguishable.		Stems which end in ‑ba in Proto‑Germanic become unvoiced in the nominative and accusative singular in Valthungian. Specifically, ba‑stems end in '''‑f''' in the nominative and accusative, and have '''‑v‑''' elsewhere. The ba‑stems have also come to include the fa‑stems, which are now indistinguishable.
	{{~~Template~~:Valthungian/n.st.m.ba\|vlu\|wolf}}		{{:Valthungian/n.st.m.ba\|vlu\|wolf}}
	{{~~Template:~~Valthungian/n.st.n.ba\|dra\|job}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.n.ba\|dra\|job}}

	=====da‑Stems=====		=====da‑Stems=====
	Following the same pattern as the ba‑stems, da‑stems have '''‑ð‑''' in most declensions but '''‑þ''' in the nominative and accusative singular. The da‑stems have also come to include the þa‑stems, which are now indistinguishable.		Following the same pattern as the ba‑stems, da‑stems have '''‑ð‑''' in most declensions but '''‑þ''' in the nominative and accusative singular. The da‑stems have also come to include the þa‑stems, which are now indistinguishable.
	{{~~Template:~~Valthungian/n.st.m.da\|mō\|disposition}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.m.da\|mō\|disposition}}
	{{~~Template:~~Valthungian/n.st.n.da\|vro\|word}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.n.da\|vro\|word}}

	=====za‑Stems=====		=====za‑Stems=====
	The za‑stems also follow this voicing pattern, with '''‑s''' in the nominative and accusative, and have '''‑s‑''' elsewhere. Unlike the ba‑ and da‑stems, however, the s‑stems remain distinct from the za-stems and have not been assimilated into them. The nominative masculine singular shows only '''‑s''' rather than **‑ss.		The za‑stems also follow this voicing pattern, with '''‑s''' in the nominative and accusative, and have '''‑s‑''' elsewhere. Unlike the ba‑ and da‑stems, however, the s‑stems remain distinct from the za-stems and have not been assimilated into them. The nominative masculine singular shows only '''‑s''' rather than **‑ss.
	{{~~Template:~~Valthungian/n.st.m.za\|mim\|meat}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.m.za\|mim\|meat}}
	{{~~Template:~~Valthungian/n.st.n.za\|gǣ\|spear}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.n.za\|gǣ\|spear}}

	=====ga‑Stems=====		=====ga‑Stems=====
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	=====nda‑Stems=====		=====nda‑Stems=====
	~~Stends~~ ending in ‑ndaz are regular with the exception of the masculine singular nominative, which has the same '''‑ǧ''' ending found in the ga‑stems above. Neuter nda‑stem nouns are regular.		Stems ending in ‑ndaz are regular with the exception of the masculine singular nominative, which has the same '''‑ǧ''' ending found in the ga‑stems above. Neuter nda‑stem nouns are regular.
	{{Valthungian/n.st.m.nda\|hu\|dog}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.m.nda\|hu\|dog}}

			=====sa‑Stems=====
			Stems in ‑sa, as mentioned above, do not have voicing, so they don't merge with the za‑stems as may be expected. However, because the masculine nominative singular also has a final '''‑s''', one of them is dropped… but I’m not going to tell you which one.
			{{Valthungian/n.st.m.sa\|hla\|neck}}

			=====ra‑Stems=====
			The ra‑stems behave similarly – they are ostensibly regular but the final '''‑s''' is dropped from the masculine nominative singular – but the reason for this dropping happens much earlier, in pre-Gothic East Germanic. Originally it only affected masculine nouns ending in '''‑r''' after a short vowel, but in Middle Valthungian times, it came to include all masculine nouns ending in '''‑r'''. Neuter r‑stem nouns are regular.

			=====Cluster‑Stems=====
			Similar to the r‑ and s‑stems, cluster stems are nouns ending in the clusters ‑st, ‑sp, ‑sk, ‑šk, or ‑ft. They are regular but for the lack of final '''‑s''' in the nominative masculine singular. Neuter cluster‑stem nouns are regular.

	=====ha‑Stems=====		=====ha‑Stems=====
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	=====na‑Stems=====		=====na‑Stems=====
	*na‑stems (himins, lapins) – no metathesis in dative or accusative plural		*na‑stems (himins, lapins) – no metathesis in dative or accusative plural

	~~=====ra‑Stems=====~~
	*ra‑stems (wer, bēr) – no nominative singular ‑s
	~~=====sa‑Stems=====~~
	*sa‑stems (drus, ams) – no nominative singular ‑s

	=====Geminate a‑Stems=====		=====Geminate a‑Stems=====

Jamin: /* a‑Stem Variations */

2023-02-20T16:53:22Z

a‑Stem Variations

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:53, 20 February 2023
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	=====nda‑Stems=====		=====nda‑Stems=====
	Stends ending in ‑ndaz are regular with the exception of the masculine singular nominative, which has the same '''‑ǧ''' ending found in the ga‑stems above.		Stends ending in ‑ndaz are regular with the exception of the masculine singular nominative, which has the same '''‑ǧ''' ending found in the ga‑stems above. Neuter nda‑stem nouns are regular.
	{{Valthungian/n.st.m.nda\|hu\|dog}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.m.nda\|hu\|dog}}

	nda‑stems (hunǧ, ganǧ) nom. sg. has ‑nǧ instead of *‑nds

	=====ha‑Stems=====		=====ha‑Stems=====

Jamin: /* a‑Stems (Masculine & Neuter) */

2023-02-20T16:52:00Z

a‑Stems (Masculine & Neuter)

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:52, 20 February 2023
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	Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[Valthungian#Phonology\|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section of this document in order to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge.		Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[Valthungian#Phonology\|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section of this document in order to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge.

	~~==a‑Stems (Masculine & Neuter)==~~
	This is by far the most common noun class, and technically includes the feminine ō‑stems as well, though we describe those here separately. The masculine and neuter forms of all a‑stems differ only in the nominative and accusative.

	~~===a‑Stems===~~
	~~These nouns end in a consonant and are followed by a simple ending with no drama. There are some minor variations, more of which will be detailed [[#a‑Stem Variations\|below]].~~

	~~Historically, this is the development of the standard a‑stem from Proto‑Germanic:~~

	~~{\| class="wikitable mw‑collapsible" style="text‑align: center;"~~
	~~! colspan=9 style="text‑align: left;"\| Strong Masculine a‑stem: ''[[slēps#Valthungian\|slēps]]'' ‘sleep’~~
	\|-
	~~!  ~~
	~~! colspan=4\| Singular~~
	~~! colspan=4\| Plural~~
	\|-
	~~! width=150 style="text‑align: left;"\| n.st.m.a~~
	~~! width=100\| Nominative~~
	~~! width=100\| Genitive~~
	~~! width=100\| Dative~~
	~~! width=100\| Accusative~~
	~~! width=100\| Nominative~~
	~~! width=100\| Genitive~~
	~~! width=100\| Dative~~
	~~! width=100\| Accusative~~
	\|-
	~~! style="text‑align: right;" \| Proto‑Germanic~~
	~~\| *slǣp‑'''az'''~~
	~~\| *slǣp‑'''is'''~~
	~~\| *slǣp‑'''ai'''~~
	~~\| *slǣp‑'''ą'''~~
	~~\| *slǣp‑'''ōz'''~~
	~~\| *slǣp‑'''ǫ̂'''~~
	~~\| *slǣp‑'''amaz'''~~
	~~\| *slǣp‑'''anz'''~~
	\|-
	~~! style="text‑align: right;" \| (Gothic)~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''s'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''is'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''a'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''∅'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''ōs'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''ē'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''am'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''ans'''~~
	\|-
	~~! style="text‑align: right;" \| Griutungi~~
	~~\| *slēp‑'''s'''~~
	~~\| *slēp‑'''is'''~~
	~~\| *slēp‑'''a'''~~
	~~\| *slēp‑'''∅'''~~
	~~\| *slēp‑'''ōs'''~~
	~~\| *slēp‑'''ē'''~~
	~~\| *slēp‑'''am'''~~
	~~\| *slēp‑'''ans'''~~
	\|-
	~~! style="text‑align: right;" \| Old Valthungian~~
	~~\| *sleip‑'''s'''~~
	~~\| *sleip‑'''is'''~~
	~~\| *sleip‑'''a'''~~
	~~\| *sleip‑'''∅'''~~
	~~\| *sleip‑'''ous'''~~
	~~\| *sleip‑'''ouruv'''<ref>The genitive plural ending was replaced by the Latin ending ''ōrum'' sometime around the 6<sup>th</sup> or 7<sup>th</sup> century.</ref>~~
	~~\| *sleip‑'''am'''~~
	~~\| *sleip‑'''ans'''~~
	\|-
	~~! style="text‑align: right;" \| Middle Valthungian~~
	~~\| sleip‑'''s'''~~
	~~\| sleip‑'''is'''~~
	~~\| sleip‑'''a'''~~
	~~\| sleip‑'''∅'''~~
	~~\| sleip‑'''os'''~~
	~~\| sleip‑'''oru'''~~
	~~\| sleip‑'''ᴍ'''~~
	~~\| sleip‑'''ɴs'''~~
	\|-
	~~! style="text‑align: right;" \| Valthungian~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''s'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''is'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''a'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''∅'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''as'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''aro'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''ma'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''nas'''~~
	\|}
	~~{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.a\|slēp\|slēp\|sleep}}~~
	~~{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.a\|plat\|plat\|tie}}~~

	====a‑Stem Variations====		====a‑Stem Variations====
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	=====za‑Stems=====		=====za‑Stems=====
	The za‑stems also follow this voicing pattern, with '''‑s''' in the nominative and accusative, and have '''‑s‑''' elsewhere. Unlike the ba‑ and da‑stems, however, the s‑stems remain distinct from the za-stems and have not been assimilated into them. The nominative masculine singular shows only '''‑s''' rather than **‑ss.		The za‑stems also follow this voicing pattern, with '''‑s''' in the nominative and accusative, and have '''‑s‑''' elsewhere. Unlike the ba‑ and da‑stems, however, the s‑stems remain distinct from the za-stems and have not been assimilated into them. The nominative masculine singular shows only '''‑s''' rather than **‑ss.
	~~(mims, gǣs) – s in nom and acc; ž elsewhere, no nominative singular ‑s~~
	{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.za\|mim\|meat}}		{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.za\|mim\|meat}}
	{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.za\|gǣ\|spear}}		{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.za\|gǣ\|spear}}


	=====ga‑Stems=====		=====ga‑Stems=====
	Stems ending in ‑gaz are regular except for the masculine nominative singular which has an ending of '''‑ǧ''' where we would otherwise expect '''‑gs'''. However, in Old Valthungian this stem patterned like the ~~ba‑ and da‑stems~~, because /ɡ/ also became spirantised in the same environments as /b/ and /d/ (spellt ⟨gy⟩). (Neuter g‑stem nouns are regular.)		Stems ending in ‑gaz are regular except for the masculine nominative singular which has an ending of '''‑ǧ''' where we would otherwise expect '''‑gs'''. However, in Old Valthungian this stem patterned like the voicing alternation stems above, because /ɡ/ also became spirantised in the same environments as /b/ and /d/ (spellt ⟨gy⟩). Neuter g‑stem nouns are regular.
	{{Valthungian/n.st.m.ga\|da\|day}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.m.ga\|da\|day}}

			=====nda‑Stems=====
			Stends ending in ‑ndaz are regular with the exception of the masculine singular nominative, which has the same '''‑ǧ''' ending found in the ga‑stems above.
			{{Valthungian/n.st.m.nda\|hu\|dog}}

			nda‑stems (hunǧ, ganǧ) nom. sg. has ‑nǧ instead of *‑nds

	=====ha‑Stems=====		=====ha‑Stems=====
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	=====na‑Stems=====		=====na‑Stems=====
	*na‑stems (himins, lapins) – no metathesis in dative or accusative plural		*na‑stems (himins, lapins) – no metathesis in dative or accusative plural
	~~=====nda‑Stems=====~~
	nda‑stems (hunǧ, ganǧ) nom. sg. has ‑nǧ instead of *‑nds
	=====ra‑Stems=====		=====ra‑Stems=====
	*ra‑stems (wer, bēr) – no nominative singular ‑s		*ra‑stems (wer, bēr) – no nominative singular ‑s
Line 152:		Line 67:
	=====Syllabic ra‑Stems=====		=====Syllabic ra‑Stems=====
	*syllabic ra‑stems (þundra, naðra) – syllabic, also no nominative singular ‑s		*syllabic ra‑stems (þundra, naðra) – syllabic, also no nominative singular ‑s

	~~===ja‑Stems===~~
	The ja‑stem nouns contain a short vowel followed by a single consonant which is followed by ‑j‑ which is in turn followed by the a‑stem endings. At least that’s how it was two millennia ago, but now the ‑j‑ has vanished, the endings disappeared, the vowel (usually) subjected to umlaut, and the stem’s final consonant (usually) subjected to palatalisation.
	~~{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ja\|tap\|tep\|carpet}}~~
	~~{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.ja\|kaf\|kef\|coffee}}~~

	~~===ija‑Stems===~~
	The ija‑stems are a variation of the ja‑stems, but these follow stems with long vowels or multiple consonants or syllables before the ending. (This is the modern Valthungian reflex of something called [[wiki: Siever's Law#Sievers's_law_in_Germanic\|Siever’s Law]].) The main difference between ja‑stems and ija‑stems in Modern Valthungian is that there is no palatalisation in the nominative and genitive singular, though there is still umlaut. (This same pattern occurs in the class 1 weak verbs.)
	~~{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ija\|mīr\|mīr\|observer}}~~
	~~{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.ija\|futl\|fytl\|full moon}}~~

	~~===wa‑Stems===~~
	The wa‑stems nouns have ‑w‑ after the stem instead of ‑j‑, and they tend to be a lot less dramatic than the j‑stems because there is no palatalisation or umlaut or Siever’s Law to worry about. They are, however, plagued by another rule called [[wiki: Holtzmann's Law\|Holtzmann’s Law]] – or an extension of it, anyway – which causes an unexpected ‑g‑ to pop up in a few of the declensions.
	~~{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.wa\|skað\|shadow}}~~
	~~{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.wa\|mil\|flour}}~~

	~~===wja‑Stems===~~
	~~The wja‑stems combine all of the worst aspects of the w‑ and j‑stems, but fortunately they’re a pretty small group.~~

	==ō‑Stems (Feminine)==		==ō‑Stems (Feminine)==

Jamin: /* a‑Stem Variations */

2023-02-20T15:21:26Z

a‑Stem Variations

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:21, 20 February 2023
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	====a‑Stem Variations====		====a‑Stem Variations====
	~~=====Voicing Alternations=====~~
	======ba‑Stems======		=====ba‑Stems=====
	Stems which end in ‑ba in Proto‑Germanic become unvoiced in the nominative and accusative singular in Valthungian. Specifically, ba‑stems end in '''‑f''' in the nominative and accusative, and have '''‑v‑''' elsewhere. The ba‑stems have also come to include the fa‑stems, which are now indistinguishable.		Stems which end in ‑ba in Proto‑Germanic become unvoiced in the nominative and accusative singular in Valthungian. Specifically, ba‑stems end in '''‑f''' in the nominative and accusative, and have '''‑v‑''' elsewhere. The ba‑stems have also come to include the fa‑stems, which are now indistinguishable.
	{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ba\|vlu\|wolf}}		{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ba\|vlu\|wolf}}
	{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.ba\|dra\|job}}		{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.ba\|dra\|job}}

	======da‑Stems======		=====da‑Stems=====
	Following the same pattern as the ba‑stems, da‑stems have '''‑ð‑''' in most declensions but '''‑þ''' in the nominative and accusative singular. The da‑stems have also come to include the þa‑stems, which are now indistinguishable.		Following the same pattern as the ba‑stems, da‑stems have '''‑ð‑''' in most declensions but '''‑þ''' in the nominative and accusative singular. The da‑stems have also come to include the þa‑stems, which are now indistinguishable.
	{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.da\|mō\|disposition}}		{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.da\|mō\|disposition}}
	{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.da\|vro\|word}}		{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.da\|vro\|word}}

			=====za‑Stems=====
			The za‑stems also follow this voicing pattern, with '''‑s''' in the nominative and accusative, and have '''‑s‑''' elsewhere. Unlike the ba‑ and da‑stems, however, the s‑stems remain distinct from the za-stems and have not been assimilated into them. The nominative masculine singular shows only '''‑s''' rather than **‑ss.
			(mims, gǣs) – s in nom and acc; ž elsewhere, no nominative singular ‑s
			{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.za\|mim\|meat}}
			{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.za\|gǣ\|spear}}


	=====ga‑Stems=====		=====ga‑Stems=====
Line 137:		Line 144:
	=====sa‑Stems=====		=====sa‑Stems=====
	*sa‑stems (drus, ams) – no nominative singular ‑s		*sa‑stems (drus, ams) – no nominative singular ‑s
	~~=====za‑Stems=====~~
	*za‑stems (mims, gǣs) – s in nom and acc; ž elsewhere, no nominative singular ‑s
	=====Geminate a‑Stems=====		=====Geminate a‑Stems=====
	*geminate‑stems (puls, swams) single sonorant in nom and acc sg; extended syllabic reflex elsewhere		*geminate‑stems (puls, swams) single sonorant in nom and acc sg; extended syllabic reflex elsewhere

	=====Syllabic a‑Stems=====		=====Syllabic a‑Stems=====
	*syllabic stems (bagmas, naglas) – no metathesis, ‑a(‑) gets added where necessary		*syllabic stems (bagmas, naglas) – no metathesis, ‑a(‑) gets added where necessary
	=====Syllabic ra‑Stems=====		=====Syllabic ra‑Stems=====
	**syllabic ra‑stems (þundra, naðra) – syllabic, also no nominative singular ‑s		*syllabic ra‑stems (þundra, naðra) – syllabic, also no nominative singular ‑s

	===ja‑Stems===		===ja‑Stems===

Jamin: /* a‑Stem Variations */

2023-02-20T14:14:00Z

a‑Stem Variations

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:14, 20 February 2023
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	====a‑Stem Variations====		====a‑Stem Variations====
	=====~~ba‑ and da‑Stems~~=====		=====Voicing Alternations=====
	Stems which end in ‑ba ~~or ‑da~~ in Proto‑Germanic become unvoiced in the nominative and accusative singular in Valthungian. Specifically, ba‑stems end in '''‑f''' in the nominative and accusative, and have '''‑v‑''' elsewhere.		======ba‑Stems======
	~~Historically, the Valthungian~~ ba‑stems also include the fa‑stems~~, while the da‑stems include the þa‑stems~~, which ~~have come to follow the same voicing patterns~~.		Stems which end in ‑ba in Proto‑Germanic become unvoiced in the nominative and accusative singular in Valthungian. Specifically, ba‑stems end in '''‑f''' in the nominative and accusative, and have '''‑v‑''' elsewhere. The ba‑stems have also come to include the fa‑stems, which are now indistinguishable.
	{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ba\|vlu\|wolf}}		{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ba\|vlu\|wolf}}
	{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.ba\|dra\|job}}		{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.ba\|dra\|job}}

			======da‑Stems======
			Following the same pattern as the ba‑stems, da‑stems have '''‑ð‑''' in most declensions but '''‑þ''' in the nominative and accusative singular. The da‑stems have also come to include the þa‑stems, which are now indistinguishable.
	{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.da\|mō\|disposition}}		{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.da\|mō\|disposition}}
	{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.da\|vro\|word}}		{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.da\|vro\|word}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:52, 20 February 2023
Line 10:		Line 10:

	Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[Valthungian#Phonology\|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section of this document in order to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge.		Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[Valthungian#Phonology\|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section of this document in order to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge.

	~~==a‑Stems (Masculine & Neuter)==~~
	This is by far the most common noun class, and technically includes the feminine ō‑stems as well, though we describe those here separately. The masculine and neuter forms of all a‑stems differ only in the nominative and accusative.

	~~===a‑Stems===~~
	~~These nouns end in a consonant and are followed by a simple ending with no drama. There are some minor variations, more of which will be detailed [[#a‑Stem Variations\|below]].~~

	~~Historically, this is the development of the standard a‑stem from Proto‑Germanic:~~

	~~{\| class="wikitable mw‑collapsible" style="text‑align: center;"~~
	~~! colspan=9 style="text‑align: left;"\| Strong Masculine a‑stem: ''[[slēps#Valthungian\|slēps]]'' ‘sleep’~~
	\|-
	~~!  ~~
	~~! colspan=4\| Singular~~
	~~! colspan=4\| Plural~~
	\|-
	~~! width=150 style="text‑align: left;"\| n.st.m.a~~
	~~! width=100\| Nominative~~
	~~! width=100\| Genitive~~
	~~! width=100\| Dative~~
	~~! width=100\| Accusative~~
	~~! width=100\| Nominative~~
	~~! width=100\| Genitive~~
	~~! width=100\| Dative~~
	~~! width=100\| Accusative~~
	\|-
	~~! style="text‑align: right;" \| Proto‑Germanic~~
	~~\| *slǣp‑'''az'''~~
	~~\| *slǣp‑'''is'''~~
	~~\| *slǣp‑'''ai'''~~
	~~\| *slǣp‑'''ą'''~~
	~~\| *slǣp‑'''ōz'''~~
	~~\| *slǣp‑'''ǫ̂'''~~
	~~\| *slǣp‑'''amaz'''~~
	~~\| *slǣp‑'''anz'''~~
	\|-
	~~! style="text‑align: right;" \| (Gothic)~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''s'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''is'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''a'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''∅'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''ōs'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''ē'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''am'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''ans'''~~
	\|-
	~~! style="text‑align: right;" \| Griutungi~~
	~~\| *slēp‑'''s'''~~
	~~\| *slēp‑'''is'''~~
	~~\| *slēp‑'''a'''~~
	~~\| *slēp‑'''∅'''~~
	~~\| *slēp‑'''ōs'''~~
	~~\| *slēp‑'''ē'''~~
	~~\| *slēp‑'''am'''~~
	~~\| *slēp‑'''ans'''~~
	\|-
	~~! style="text‑align: right;" \| Old Valthungian~~
	~~\| *sleip‑'''s'''~~
	~~\| *sleip‑'''is'''~~
	~~\| *sleip‑'''a'''~~
	~~\| *sleip‑'''∅'''~~
	~~\| *sleip‑'''ous'''~~
	~~\| *sleip‑'''ouruv'''<ref>The genitive plural ending was replaced by the Latin ending ''ōrum'' sometime around the 6<sup>th</sup> or 7<sup>th</sup> century.</ref>~~
	~~\| *sleip‑'''am'''~~
	~~\| *sleip‑'''ans'''~~
	\|-
	~~! style="text‑align: right;" \| Middle Valthungian~~
	~~\| sleip‑'''s'''~~
	~~\| sleip‑'''is'''~~
	~~\| sleip‑'''a'''~~
	~~\| sleip‑'''∅'''~~
	~~\| sleip‑'''os'''~~
	~~\| sleip‑'''oru'''~~
	~~\| sleip‑'''ᴍ'''~~
	~~\| sleip‑'''ɴs'''~~
	\|-
	~~! style="text‑align: right;" \| Valthungian~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''s'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''is'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''a'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''∅'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''as'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''aro'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''ma'''~~
	~~\| slēp‑'''nas'''~~
	\|}
	~~{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.a\|slēp\|slēp\|sleep}}~~
	~~{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.a\|plat\|plat\|tie}}~~

	====a‑Stem Variations====		====a‑Stem Variations====
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	=====za‑Stems=====		=====za‑Stems=====
	The za‑stems also follow this voicing pattern, with '''‑s''' in the nominative and accusative, and have '''‑s‑''' elsewhere. Unlike the ba‑ and da‑stems, however, the s‑stems remain distinct from the za-stems and have not been assimilated into them. The nominative masculine singular shows only '''‑s''' rather than **‑ss.		The za‑stems also follow this voicing pattern, with '''‑s''' in the nominative and accusative, and have '''‑s‑''' elsewhere. Unlike the ba‑ and da‑stems, however, the s‑stems remain distinct from the za-stems and have not been assimilated into them. The nominative masculine singular shows only '''‑s''' rather than **‑ss.
	~~(mims, gǣs) – s in nom and acc; ž elsewhere, no nominative singular ‑s~~
	{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.za\|mim\|meat}}		{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.za\|mim\|meat}}
	{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.za\|gǣ\|spear}}		{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.za\|gǣ\|spear}}


	=====ga‑Stems=====		=====ga‑Stems=====
	Stems ending in ‑gaz are regular except for the masculine nominative singular which has an ending of '''‑ǧ''' where we would otherwise expect '''‑gs'''. However, in Old Valthungian this stem patterned like the ~~ba‑ and da‑stems~~, because /ɡ/ also became spirantised in the same environments as /b/ and /d/ (spellt ⟨gy⟩). (Neuter g‑stem nouns are regular.)		Stems ending in ‑gaz are regular except for the masculine nominative singular which has an ending of '''‑ǧ''' where we would otherwise expect '''‑gs'''. However, in Old Valthungian this stem patterned like the voicing alternation stems above, because /ɡ/ also became spirantised in the same environments as /b/ and /d/ (spellt ⟨gy⟩). Neuter g‑stem nouns are regular.
	{{Valthungian/n.st.m.ga\|da\|day}}		{{Valthungian/n.st.m.ga\|da\|day}}

			=====nda‑Stems=====
			Stends ending in ‑ndaz are regular with the exception of the masculine singular nominative, which has the same '''‑ǧ''' ending found in the ga‑stems above.
			{{Valthungian/n.st.m.nda\|hu\|dog}}

			nda‑stems (hunǧ, ganǧ) nom. sg. has ‑nǧ instead of *‑nds

	=====ha‑Stems=====		=====ha‑Stems=====
Line 138:		Line 54:
	=====na‑Stems=====		=====na‑Stems=====
	*na‑stems (himins, lapins) – no metathesis in dative or accusative plural		*na‑stems (himins, lapins) – no metathesis in dative or accusative plural
	~~=====nda‑Stems=====~~
	nda‑stems (hunǧ, ganǧ) nom. sg. has ‑nǧ instead of *‑nds
	=====ra‑Stems=====		=====ra‑Stems=====
	*ra‑stems (wer, bēr) – no nominative singular ‑s		*ra‑stems (wer, bēr) – no nominative singular ‑s
Line 152:		Line 67:
	=====Syllabic ra‑Stems=====		=====Syllabic ra‑Stems=====
	*syllabic ra‑stems (þundra, naðra) – syllabic, also no nominative singular ‑s		*syllabic ra‑stems (þundra, naðra) – syllabic, also no nominative singular ‑s

	~~===ja‑Stems===~~
	The ja‑stem nouns contain a short vowel followed by a single consonant which is followed by ‑j‑ which is in turn followed by the a‑stem endings. At least that’s how it was two millennia ago, but now the ‑j‑ has vanished, the endings disappeared, the vowel (usually) subjected to umlaut, and the stem’s final consonant (usually) subjected to palatalisation.
	~~{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ja\|tap\|tep\|carpet}}~~
	~~{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.ja\|kaf\|kef\|coffee}}~~

	~~===ija‑Stems===~~
	The ija‑stems are a variation of the ja‑stems, but these follow stems with long vowels or multiple consonants or syllables before the ending. (This is the modern Valthungian reflex of something called [[wiki: Siever's Law#Sievers's_law_in_Germanic\|Siever’s Law]].) The main difference between ja‑stems and ija‑stems in Modern Valthungian is that there is no palatalisation in the nominative and genitive singular, though there is still umlaut. (This same pattern occurs in the class 1 weak verbs.)
	~~{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ija\|mīr\|mīr\|observer}}~~
	~~{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.ija\|futl\|fytl\|full moon}}~~

	~~===wa‑Stems===~~
	The wa‑stems nouns have ‑w‑ after the stem instead of ‑j‑, and they tend to be a lot less dramatic than the j‑stems because there is no palatalisation or umlaut or Siever’s Law to worry about. They are, however, plagued by another rule called [[wiki: Holtzmann's Law\|Holtzmann’s Law]] – or an extension of it, anyway – which causes an unexpected ‑g‑ to pop up in a few of the declensions.
	~~{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.wa\|skað\|shadow}}~~
	~~{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.wa\|mil\|flour}}~~

	~~===wja‑Stems===~~
	~~The wja‑stems combine all of the worst aspects of the w‑ and j‑stems, but fortunately they’re a pretty small group.~~

	==ō‑Stems (Feminine)==		==ō‑Stems (Feminine)==