Valthungian - Revision history

Jamin: /* Nouns */

2023-02-24T19:19:28Z

Nouns

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:19, 24 February 2023
Line 2,207:		Line 2,207:
	Every noun in Valthungian (and many of the older Germanic languages, as well as modern German and Icelandic) has eight possible forms. These are the singular and plural forms of the nominative (those nouns which comprise the subject of the sentence), genitive (those used to indicate possession or relation), dative (the indirect object), and accusative (the direct object).		Every noun in Valthungian (and many of the older Germanic languages, as well as modern German and Icelandic) has eight possible forms. These are the singular and plural forms of the nominative (those nouns which comprise the subject of the sentence), genitive (those used to indicate possession or relation), dative (the indirect object), and accusative (the direct object).

	{\| class="wikitable" style="~~text‑align~~: center;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
	!colspan=5\| Strong masculine ~~a‑stem~~ noun ''[[þrōks#Valhungian\|þrōs]]'', ‘raven’		!colspan=5\| Strong masculine a-stem noun ''[[þrōks#Valhungian\|þrōs]]'', ‘raven’
	\|‑		\|-
	!width=50\|		!width=50\|
	!width=150\| Nominative		!width=150\| Nominative
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	!width=150\| Dative		!width=150\| Dative
	!width=150\| Accusative		!width=150\| Accusative
	\|‑		\|-
	!style="~~text‑align~~: right;"\|Sg.		!style="text-align: right;"\|Sg.
	\| þrōk'''s'''		\| þrōk'''s'''
	\| þrōk'''is'''		\| þrōk'''is'''
	\| þrōk'''a'''		\| þrōk'''a'''
	\| þrōk'''∅'''		\| þrōk'''∅'''
	\|‑		\|-
	!style="~~text‑align~~: right;"\|Pl.		!style="text-align: right;"\|Pl.
	\| þrōk'''as'''		\| þrōk'''as'''
	\| þrōk'''aro'''		\| þrōk'''aro'''
Line 2,235:		Line 2,235:
	Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[#Phonology\|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge.		Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[#Phonology\|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge.

	Nouns are divided broadly into:		Nouns are divided broadly into these categories:
	* a‑ and ō‑stems		* a‑ and ō‑stems
	** ja‑ and jō‑stems		** ja‑ and jō‑stems

Jamin: /* Nouns */

2023-02-24T19:18:45Z

Nouns

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:18, 24 February 2023
Line 2,207:		Line 2,207:
	Every noun in Valthungian (and many of the older Germanic languages, as well as modern German and Icelandic) has eight possible forms. These are the singular and plural forms of the nominative (those nouns which comprise the subject of the sentence), genitive (those used to indicate possession or relation), dative (the indirect object), and accusative (the direct object).		Every noun in Valthungian (and many of the older Germanic languages, as well as modern German and Icelandic) has eight possible forms. These are the singular and plural forms of the nominative (those nouns which comprise the subject of the sentence), genitive (those used to indicate possession or relation), dative (the indirect object), and accusative (the direct object).

	{\| class="wikitable" style="~~text-align~~: center;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text‑align: center;"
	!colspan=5\| Strong masculine ~~a-stem~~ noun ''[[þrōks#Valhungian\|þrōs]]'', ‘raven’		!colspan=5\| Strong masculine a‑stem noun ''[[þrōks#Valhungian\|þrōs]]'', ‘raven’
	\|-		\|‑
	!width=50\|		!width=50\|
	!width=150\| Nominative		!width=150\| Nominative
Line 2,215:		Line 2,215:
	!width=150\| Dative		!width=150\| Dative
	!width=150\| Accusative		!width=150\| Accusative
	\|-		\|‑
	!style="~~text-align~~: right;"\|Sg.		!style="text‑align: right;"\|Sg.
	\| þrōk'''s'''		\| þrōk'''s'''
	\| þrōk'''is'''		\| þrōk'''is'''
	\| þrōk'''a'''		\| þrōk'''a'''
	\| þrōk'''∅'''		\| þrōk'''∅'''
	\|-		\|‑
	!style="~~text-align~~: right;"\|Pl.		!style="text‑align: right;"\|Pl.
	\| þrōk'''as'''		\| þrōk'''as'''
	\| þrōk'''aro'''		\| þrōk'''aro'''
Line 2,234:		Line 2,234:

	Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[#Phonology\|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge.		Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[#Phonology\|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge.

			Nouns are divided broadly into:
			* a‑ and ō‑stems
			** ja‑ and jō‑stems
			** ija‑ and ijō‑stems
			** wa‑ and wō‑stems
			** wja‑ stems
			* i‑stems
			* u‑stems
			* ju‑stems
			* r‑stems
			* þ‑stems
			* ôn‑ and ǭn‑stems
			** jôn‑ and jǭn‑stems
			** wôn‑ and wǭn‑stems
			* īn‑stems

	Details about the inflections of individual noun classes and their variants can be found here: [[Valthungian/Nouns]]		Details about the inflections of individual noun classes and their variants can be found here: [[Valthungian/Nouns]]

Jamin: /* Nouns */

2023-02-24T19:11:15Z

Nouns

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:11, 24 February 2023
Line 2,207:		Line 2,207:
	Every noun in Valthungian (and many of the older Germanic languages, as well as modern German and Icelandic) has eight possible forms. These are the singular and plural forms of the nominative (those nouns which comprise the subject of the sentence), genitive (those used to indicate possession or relation), dative (the indirect object), and accusative (the direct object).		Every noun in Valthungian (and many of the older Germanic languages, as well as modern German and Icelandic) has eight possible forms. These are the singular and plural forms of the nominative (those nouns which comprise the subject of the sentence), genitive (those used to indicate possession or relation), dative (the indirect object), and accusative (the direct object).

	~~Masculine and feminine nouns usually take an ending of ‑s or ‑a for the nominative singular~~, ~~while neuter nouns take no ending~~. ~~The genitive~~ is ~~almost universally indicated by ‑is (this is equivalent to the “’s” of the English possessive). The dative usually takes ‑a. The accusative usually does not take any ending~~.		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
			!colspan=5\| Strong masculine a-stem noun ''[[þrōks#Valhungian\|þrōs]]'', ‘raven’
			\|-
			!width=50\|
			!width=150\| Nominative
			!width=150\| Genitive
			!width=150\| Dative
			!width=150\| Accusative
			\|-
			!style="text-align: right;"\|Sg.
			\| þrōk'''s'''
			\| þrōk'''is'''
			\| þrōk'''a'''
			\| þrōk'''∅'''
			\|-
			!style="text-align: right;"\|Pl.
			\| þrōk'''as'''
			\| þrōk'''aro'''
			\| þrōk'''ma'''
			\| þrōk'''nas'''
			\|}

	In the plural, Masculine and feminine nouns usually take ‑as as an ending; neuter takes ‑a. The genitive plural takes ‑aro, borrowed from Latin. The dative plural takes ‑am, but in many cases this ending undergoes a process of metathesis, rendering it ‑ma. Finally, the accusative plural of masculine and feminine nouns is usually ‑ans, but again may metathesise to ‑nas; neuter accusative plurals generally take ‑a.		Masculine and feminine nouns usually take an ending of '''‑s''' or '''‑a''' for the nominative singular, while neuter nouns take no ending. The genitive is indicated by '''‑is''' or '''‑ins''' (this is equivalent to the “’s” of the English possessive). The dative usually takes '''‑a'''. The accusative usually does not take any ending.

			In the plural, Masculine and feminine nouns usually take '''‑as''' or '''‑is''' as an ending; neuter takes '''‑a'''. The genitive plural takes '''‑aro''', borrowed from Latin. The dative plural takes '''‑am''', but in many cases this ending undergoes a process of metathesis, rendering it '''‑ma'''. Finally, the accusative plural of masculine and feminine nouns is usually '''‑ans''', but again may metathesise to '''‑nas'''; neuter accusative plurals generally take '''‑a'''.

	Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[#Phonology\|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge.		Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[#Phonology\|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge.

Jamin: /* Possessives */

2023-02-24T15:20:20Z

Possessives

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:20, 24 February 2023
Line 1,448:		Line 1,448:
	All possessives can be used as determiners; when used alone, it is more common to for possessive phrases to use a definite article (''sa'' or ''he'') followed by the noun, followed in turn by the possessive declined as a weak adjective. For example, ‘my house’ may be rendered as ''mīn hūs'' or ''þa hūs mīna''. The <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Poss > Noun</span> format is required when the noun is modified by an adjective, e.g. ‘my red house’ is nearly always ''mīn hūs rǭða.''		All possessives can be used as determiners; when used alone, it is more common to for possessive phrases to use a definite article (''sa'' or ''he'') followed by the noun, followed in turn by the possessive declined as a weak adjective. For example, ‘my house’ may be rendered as ''mīn hūs'' or ''þa hūs mīna''. The <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Poss > Noun</span> format is required when the noun is modified by an adjective, e.g. ‘my red house’ is nearly always ''mīn hūs rǭða.''

	The third person non-reflexive pronouns ''do not decline'', and they may precede or follow the noun without an article, and any adjective that accompanies the noun phrase is declined as strong. (More at [[#Adjectives]].)		The third person non-reflexive pronouns ''do not decline'', and they may precede or follow the noun without an article, and any adjective that accompanies the noun phrase is declined as strong. (More at '''[[#Adjectives\|Adjectives]]'''.)

	The possessives are:		The possessives are:

Jamin: /* Possessives */

2023-02-24T15:19:57Z

Possessives

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:19, 24 February 2023
Line 1,446:		Line 1,446:

	===Possessives===		===Possessives===
	All possessives can be used as determiners; when used alone, it is more common to for possessive phrases ~~using~~ a definite article (''sa'' or ''he'') followed by the noun, followed in turn by the possessive declined as a weak adjective. For example, ‘my house’ may be rendered as ''mīn hūs'' or ''þa hūs mīna''. The <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Poss > Noun</span> format is required when the noun is modified by an adjective, e.g. ‘my red house’ is nearly always ''mīn hūs rǭða.''		All possessives can be used as determiners; when used alone, it is more common to for possessive phrases to use a definite article (''sa'' or ''he'') followed by the noun, followed in turn by the possessive declined as a weak adjective. For example, ‘my house’ may be rendered as ''mīn hūs'' or ''þa hūs mīna''. The <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Poss > Noun</span> format is required when the noun is modified by an adjective, e.g. ‘my red house’ is nearly always ''mīn hūs rǭða.''

	The third person non-reflexive pronouns ''do not decline'', and they may precede or follow the noun without an article, and any adjective that accompanies the noun phrase is declined as strong.		The third person non-reflexive pronouns ''do not decline'', and they may precede or follow the noun without an article, and any adjective that accompanies the noun phrase is declined as strong. (More at [[#Adjectives]].)

	The possessives are:		The possessives are:

Jamin: /* Swadesh List */

2023-02-07T12:32:58Z

Swadesh List

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Jamin: /* Vocabulary */

2023-02-07T12:32:25Z

Vocabulary

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Jamin: /* Adjectives */

2023-02-07T12:31:01Z

Adjectives

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Jamin: /* Strong Verbs */

2023-02-07T12:29:08Z

Strong Verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:29, 7 February 2023
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	==Verbs==		==Verbs==
			===Inversion===
			A peculiar feature about Valthungian verbs is that every finite verb has a “Standard” and “Inverted” form. This arose historically because of the increasing strictness of the V2 environment, causing shifts in voicing and sandhi between the verb and subject pronoun. Inverted pronouns are generally appended to the inverted verb (with no apostrophes!), and the plural pronouns have particularly different forms which may merge some pronouns (the third person plural forms, for example, are all identical).

	===Strong Verbs===		===Strong Verbs===
			Strong verbs are those verbs in Germanic which form the preterit and past participles through a process of ablaut; that is, by changing the stressed vowel. This is analogous to those verbs in English such as ''drive – drove – driven'' (class I), or ''drink – drank – drunk'' (class III). These are traditionally divided into four “Principal Parts”: The first is the base of the infinitive, present participle, present indicative and subjunctive tenses, and the imperatives. The second principal part is used to form the preterit singular. The third is the preterit plural and all of the subjunctive. (This is usually umlauted in the subjunctive.) Finally the fourth principal part is the root of the past participle.

	====Strong Verbs: Class I (ī – ǣ – i – i)====		====Strong Verbs: Class I (ī – ǣ – i – i)====
	{{Template:Valthungian/v.st.1p\|grī\|grǣ\|gri}}		{{Template:Valthungian/v.st.1p\|grī\|grǣ\|gri}}

Jamin: /* Nouns */

2023-02-07T12:27:56Z

Nouns

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