Valthungian - Revision history

Jamin at 13:20, 5 November 2026

2026-11-05T13:20:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:20, 5 November 2026
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	[[Category: Valthungian]]		[[Category: Valthungian]]

	Valthungian is an [[w: East_Germanic_languages\|East Germanic]] ~~language~~ descended from a language that was probably mutually intelligible with [[w: Gothic_language\|Gothic]], though much of its corpus cannot have been inherited from the language of [[w: Ulfilas\|Wulfila]]. It is likely, however, that the speakers of ~~the~~ ancestor of Valthungian did consider themselves Goths (or Gutai or Gutþiudōs), and that their language was mutually intelligible with other dialects of Gothic. The Valthungian relationship to “Classical Gothic” can be thought of as analogous to the relationship between Modern ~~High German~~ and [[w: Old_High_German\|Old High German]] ~~– that~~ is, not a direct lineage, but the modern languages are descended from neighboring dialects spoken by people who would likewise have considered themselves to be ~~“Gutisks~~,” in the case of Valthungian, or ~~“Diotisk”~~ in the case of German.		Valthungian is an [[w: East_Germanic_languages\|East Germanic]] tongue descended from a language that was probably mutually intelligible with [[w: Gothic_language\|Gothic]], though much of its corpus cannot have been inherited from the same language codified by [[w: Ulfilas\|Wulfila]]. It is likely, however, that the speakers of this ancestor of Valthungian ''did'' consider themselves Goths (or ''Gutai'' or ''Gutþiudōs''), and that their language was mutually intelligible with other dialects of Gothic. The Valthungian relationship to “Classical Gothic” can be thought of as analogous to the relationship between Modern and [[w: Old_High_German\|Old High German]]: That is, not a direct lineage, but the modern languages are descended from neighboring dialects spoken by people who would likewise have considered themselves to be speaking “Gutiska Razda,” in the case of Valthungian, or “Diutiska Zunga” in the case of German.

	While Valthungian shares many of the areal changes common to [[w: North_Germanic_languages\|North]] and [[w: West_Germanic_languages\|West Germanic languages]], it is also marked by distinctive changes in ~~palatalisation~~, which, while similar to those of Old English, are most likely influenced by contact with Romance and Slavic languages. Modern Valthungian can be traced back to [[Middle Valthungian]] (spoken from around 1200‒1600ᴀᴅ) through [[Old Valthungian]] (800‒1200ᴀᴅ) and ultimately to [[Griutungi]], which would likely have been ~~thought of as~~ a dialect of Gothic (400‒800ᴀᴅ).		While Valthungian shares many of the areal changes common to [[w: North_Germanic_languages\|North]] and [[w: West_Germanic_languages\|West Germanic languages]], it is also marked by distinctive changes in palatalization, which, while similar to those of Old English, are most likely influenced by contact with Romance and Slavic languages. Modern Valthungian can be traced back to [[Middle Valthungian]] (spoken from around 1200‒1600ᴀᴅ) through [[Old Valthungian]] (800‒1200ᴀᴅ) and ultimately to [[Griutungi]], which would likely have been considered a dialect of Gothic (400‒800ᴀᴅ).

	The name “Valthungian” comes from the name ''Valthungi'' – a Latin term ~~likely~~ derived from a pre-Old Valthungian name *''Walþungae'' – meaning “Forest-dweller,” likely ~~a branch of or~~ related to the [[w: Thervingi\|Thervingians]] (''idem''), though the Valthungian people refer to themselves as ~~'''~~''[[~~grējutungišk~~#Valthungian\|~~Grējutungišk~~]]~~'''~~'', which is probably from an earlier ''~~[[w: Greuthungi\|Griutuggs]]~~'' (the name of an Ostrogothic tribe living along the northern shore of the Black Sea~~), but which~~ underwent ~~some semantic~~ reanalysis ~~over the generations~~ and came to mean ‘the ~~grey~~-~~tongued ones’~~. In turn, they call their language ''''~~'[[grējutungišk#~~Valthungian~~\|Grējutungiška]] [[rasta#~~Valthungian~~\|Rasta]]''''' ‘Grey~~-~~tonguish Language’ or just '''''~~[[~~so#Valthungian\|So~~]] [[~~grējus#Valthungian\|Grējuga~~]] [[~~tunga#Valthungian\|Tunga~~]]~~''''' ‘the Grey Tongue’~~.		The name “Valthungian” comes from the name ''Valthungi'' – a Latin term derived from a pre-Old Valthungian name *''Walþungae'' – meaning “Forest-dweller,” likely related to the [[w: Thervingi\|Thervingians]] (Gothic ''Tairwiggai'': ''idem''), though the Valthungian people refer to themselves as ''[[Grējutunga#Valthungian\|Grējutunga]]'', which is probably from an earlier ''Griutuggai'', the name of an Ostrogothic tribe living along the northern shore of the Black Sea. The latter term subsequently underwent reanalysis (''griut'' + ''-ung‑'' → ''griw'' + ''tung‑'') and came to mean ‘the Grey-Tongued (ones)’. In turn, they call their language ''so Grējuga Tunga'' ‘the Grey Tongue’.

			When the Goths, including many Griutungi, sacked Rome in 410ᴀᴅ, most of them lost the Gothic language in favour of Latin within a few generations, though some speakers of Griutungi remained in the areas to the north and east of Rome, eventually making their way to the Alps in what is now the province of Udine. Over the course of the next five centuries, small pockets of Gothic (bzw. Griutungi) speakers remained in eastern parts of the Italian Alps, and by about 800ᴀᴅ the language had developed into what we now consider Old Valthungian.

			In 1025ᴀᴅ a group of Late-Old-Valthungian-speaking Valthungi set out from the city of [[Bregalia]] to return to their ancestral Gothic homeland, and, to make a very long and tedious story unsatisfyingly short, they got lost and ended up in Bavaria, where, after another few hundred years, they were speaking Middle Valthungian. The language of the Valthungi who stayed behind also continued to evolve and blend with Latin and Romance influences, first becoming [[Italian Gothic]] and then eventually the modern mixed language [[Gothic Romance]].

			Modern Valthungian is spoken as a second language in areas of southern Germany and western Czechia, particularly in the area between Regensburg and Plzeň centred around the border city of Brogis, considered by many to be the beating heart of modern Valthungian culture. There is also a small, isolated community of speakers scattered around the mountainous areas of northern Italy, southern Austria, and western Slovenia, who speak a distinct dialect of the language. There is a Valthungian Heritage Centre just outside the Italian city of Tarvisio.

	'''[[:Category: Valthungian words\|Valthungian Vocabulary]]'''		'''[[:Category: Valthungian words\|Valthungian Vocabulary]]'''

Jamin: /* Nouns */

2023-02-24T19:19:28Z

Nouns

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:19, 24 February 2023
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	Every noun in Valthungian (and many of the older Germanic languages, as well as modern German and Icelandic) has eight possible forms. These are the singular and plural forms of the nominative (those nouns which comprise the subject of the sentence), genitive (those used to indicate possession or relation), dative (the indirect object), and accusative (the direct object).		Every noun in Valthungian (and many of the older Germanic languages, as well as modern German and Icelandic) has eight possible forms. These are the singular and plural forms of the nominative (those nouns which comprise the subject of the sentence), genitive (those used to indicate possession or relation), dative (the indirect object), and accusative (the direct object).

	{\| class="wikitable" style="~~text‑align~~: center;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
	!colspan=5\| Strong masculine ~~a‑stem~~ noun ''[[þrōks#Valhungian\|þrōs]]'', ‘raven’		!colspan=5\| Strong masculine a-stem noun ''[[þrōks#Valhungian\|þrōs]]'', ‘raven’
	\|‑		\|-
	!width=50\|		!width=50\|
	!width=150\| Nominative		!width=150\| Nominative
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	!width=150\| Dative		!width=150\| Dative
	!width=150\| Accusative		!width=150\| Accusative
	\|‑		\|-
	!style="~~text‑align~~: right;"\|Sg.		!style="text-align: right;"\|Sg.
	\| þrōk'''s'''		\| þrōk'''s'''
	\| þrōk'''is'''		\| þrōk'''is'''
	\| þrōk'''a'''		\| þrōk'''a'''
	\| þrōk'''∅'''		\| þrōk'''∅'''
	\|‑		\|-
	!style="~~text‑align~~: right;"\|Pl.		!style="text-align: right;"\|Pl.
	\| þrōk'''as'''		\| þrōk'''as'''
	\| þrōk'''aro'''		\| þrōk'''aro'''
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	Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[#Phonology\|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge.		Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[#Phonology\|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge.

	Nouns are divided broadly into:		Nouns are divided broadly into these categories:
	* a‑ and ō‑stems		* a‑ and ō‑stems
	** ja‑ and jō‑stems		** ja‑ and jō‑stems

Jamin: /* Nouns */

2023-02-24T19:18:45Z

Nouns

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:18, 24 February 2023
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	Every noun in Valthungian (and many of the older Germanic languages, as well as modern German and Icelandic) has eight possible forms. These are the singular and plural forms of the nominative (those nouns which comprise the subject of the sentence), genitive (those used to indicate possession or relation), dative (the indirect object), and accusative (the direct object).		Every noun in Valthungian (and many of the older Germanic languages, as well as modern German and Icelandic) has eight possible forms. These are the singular and plural forms of the nominative (those nouns which comprise the subject of the sentence), genitive (those used to indicate possession or relation), dative (the indirect object), and accusative (the direct object).

	{\| class="wikitable" style="~~text-align~~: center;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text‑align: center;"
	!colspan=5\| Strong masculine ~~a-stem~~ noun ''[[þrōks#Valhungian\|þrōs]]'', ‘raven’		!colspan=5\| Strong masculine a‑stem noun ''[[þrōks#Valhungian\|þrōs]]'', ‘raven’
	\|-		\|‑
	!width=50\|		!width=50\|
	!width=150\| Nominative		!width=150\| Nominative
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	!width=150\| Dative		!width=150\| Dative
	!width=150\| Accusative		!width=150\| Accusative
	\|-		\|‑
	!style="~~text-align~~: right;"\|Sg.		!style="text‑align: right;"\|Sg.
	\| þrōk'''s'''		\| þrōk'''s'''
	\| þrōk'''is'''		\| þrōk'''is'''
	\| þrōk'''a'''		\| þrōk'''a'''
	\| þrōk'''∅'''		\| þrōk'''∅'''
	\|-		\|‑
	!style="~~text-align~~: right;"\|Pl.		!style="text‑align: right;"\|Pl.
	\| þrōk'''as'''		\| þrōk'''as'''
	\| þrōk'''aro'''		\| þrōk'''aro'''
Line 2,234:		Line 2,234:

	Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[#Phonology\|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge.		Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[#Phonology\|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge.

			Nouns are divided broadly into:
			* a‑ and ō‑stems
			** ja‑ and jō‑stems
			** ija‑ and ijō‑stems
			** wa‑ and wō‑stems
			** wja‑ stems
			* i‑stems
			* u‑stems
			* ju‑stems
			* r‑stems
			* þ‑stems
			* ôn‑ and ǭn‑stems
			** jôn‑ and jǭn‑stems
			** wôn‑ and wǭn‑stems
			* īn‑stems

	Details about the inflections of individual noun classes and their variants can be found here: [[Valthungian/Nouns]]		Details about the inflections of individual noun classes and their variants can be found here: [[Valthungian/Nouns]]

Jamin: /* Nouns */

2023-02-24T19:11:15Z

Nouns

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:11, 24 February 2023
Line 2,207:		Line 2,207:
	Every noun in Valthungian (and many of the older Germanic languages, as well as modern German and Icelandic) has eight possible forms. These are the singular and plural forms of the nominative (those nouns which comprise the subject of the sentence), genitive (those used to indicate possession or relation), dative (the indirect object), and accusative (the direct object).		Every noun in Valthungian (and many of the older Germanic languages, as well as modern German and Icelandic) has eight possible forms. These are the singular and plural forms of the nominative (those nouns which comprise the subject of the sentence), genitive (those used to indicate possession or relation), dative (the indirect object), and accusative (the direct object).

	~~Masculine and feminine nouns usually take an ending of ‑s or ‑a for the nominative singular~~, ~~while neuter nouns take no ending~~. ~~The genitive~~ is ~~almost universally indicated by ‑is (this is equivalent to the “’s” of the English possessive). The dative usually takes ‑a. The accusative usually does not take any ending~~.		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
			!colspan=5\| Strong masculine a-stem noun ''[[þrōks#Valhungian\|þrōs]]'', ‘raven’
			\|-
			!width=50\|
			!width=150\| Nominative
			!width=150\| Genitive
			!width=150\| Dative
			!width=150\| Accusative
			\|-
			!style="text-align: right;"\|Sg.
			\| þrōk'''s'''
			\| þrōk'''is'''
			\| þrōk'''a'''
			\| þrōk'''∅'''
			\|-
			!style="text-align: right;"\|Pl.
			\| þrōk'''as'''
			\| þrōk'''aro'''
			\| þrōk'''ma'''
			\| þrōk'''nas'''
			\|}

	In the plural, Masculine and feminine nouns usually take ‑as as an ending; neuter takes ‑a. The genitive plural takes ‑aro, borrowed from Latin. The dative plural takes ‑am, but in many cases this ending undergoes a process of metathesis, rendering it ‑ma. Finally, the accusative plural of masculine and feminine nouns is usually ‑ans, but again may metathesise to ‑nas; neuter accusative plurals generally take ‑a.		Masculine and feminine nouns usually take an ending of '''‑s''' or '''‑a''' for the nominative singular, while neuter nouns take no ending. The genitive is indicated by '''‑is''' or '''‑ins''' (this is equivalent to the “’s” of the English possessive). The dative usually takes '''‑a'''. The accusative usually does not take any ending.

			In the plural, Masculine and feminine nouns usually take '''‑as''' or '''‑is''' as an ending; neuter takes '''‑a'''. The genitive plural takes '''‑aro''', borrowed from Latin. The dative plural takes '''‑am''', but in many cases this ending undergoes a process of metathesis, rendering it '''‑ma'''. Finally, the accusative plural of masculine and feminine nouns is usually '''‑ans''', but again may metathesise to '''‑nas'''; neuter accusative plurals generally take '''‑a'''.

	Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[#Phonology\|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge.		Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[#Phonology\|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge.

Jamin: /* Possessives */

2023-02-24T15:20:20Z

Possessives

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:20, 24 February 2023
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	All possessives can be used as determiners; when used alone, it is more common to for possessive phrases to use a definite article (''sa'' or ''he'') followed by the noun, followed in turn by the possessive declined as a weak adjective. For example, ‘my house’ may be rendered as ''mīn hūs'' or ''þa hūs mīna''. The <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Poss > Noun</span> format is required when the noun is modified by an adjective, e.g. ‘my red house’ is nearly always ''mīn hūs rǭða.''		All possessives can be used as determiners; when used alone, it is more common to for possessive phrases to use a definite article (''sa'' or ''he'') followed by the noun, followed in turn by the possessive declined as a weak adjective. For example, ‘my house’ may be rendered as ''mīn hūs'' or ''þa hūs mīna''. The <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Poss > Noun</span> format is required when the noun is modified by an adjective, e.g. ‘my red house’ is nearly always ''mīn hūs rǭða.''

	The third person non-reflexive pronouns ''do not decline'', and they may precede or follow the noun without an article, and any adjective that accompanies the noun phrase is declined as strong. (More at [[#Adjectives]].)		The third person non-reflexive pronouns ''do not decline'', and they may precede or follow the noun without an article, and any adjective that accompanies the noun phrase is declined as strong. (More at '''[[#Adjectives\|Adjectives]]'''.)

	The possessives are:		The possessives are:

Jamin: /* Possessives */

2023-02-24T15:19:57Z

Possessives

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:19, 24 February 2023
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	===Possessives===		===Possessives===
	All possessives can be used as determiners; when used alone, it is more common to for possessive phrases ~~using~~ a definite article (''sa'' or ''he'') followed by the noun, followed in turn by the possessive declined as a weak adjective. For example, ‘my house’ may be rendered as ''mīn hūs'' or ''þa hūs mīna''. The <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Poss > Noun</span> format is required when the noun is modified by an adjective, e.g. ‘my red house’ is nearly always ''mīn hūs rǭða.''		All possessives can be used as determiners; when used alone, it is more common to for possessive phrases to use a definite article (''sa'' or ''he'') followed by the noun, followed in turn by the possessive declined as a weak adjective. For example, ‘my house’ may be rendered as ''mīn hūs'' or ''þa hūs mīna''. The <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Poss > Noun</span> format is required when the noun is modified by an adjective, e.g. ‘my red house’ is nearly always ''mīn hūs rǭða.''

	The third person non-reflexive pronouns ''do not decline'', and they may precede or follow the noun without an article, and any adjective that accompanies the noun phrase is declined as strong.		The third person non-reflexive pronouns ''do not decline'', and they may precede or follow the noun without an article, and any adjective that accompanies the noun phrase is declined as strong. (More at [[#Adjectives]].)

	The possessives are:		The possessives are:

Jamin: /* Swadesh List */

2023-02-07T12:32:58Z

Swadesh List

Show changes

Jamin: /* Vocabulary */

2023-02-07T12:32:25Z

Vocabulary

Show changes

Jamin: /* Adjectives */

2023-02-07T12:31:01Z

Adjectives

Show changes

Jamin: /* Strong Verbs */

2023-02-07T12:29:08Z

Strong Verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:29, 7 February 2023
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	==Verbs==		==Verbs==
			===Inversion===
			A peculiar feature about Valthungian verbs is that every finite verb has a “Standard” and “Inverted” form. This arose historically because of the increasing strictness of the V2 environment, causing shifts in voicing and sandhi between the verb and subject pronoun. Inverted pronouns are generally appended to the inverted verb (with no apostrophes!), and the plural pronouns have particularly different forms which may merge some pronouns (the third person plural forms, for example, are all identical).

	===Strong Verbs===		===Strong Verbs===
			Strong verbs are those verbs in Germanic which form the preterit and past participles through a process of ablaut; that is, by changing the stressed vowel. This is analogous to those verbs in English such as ''drive – drove – driven'' (class I), or ''drink – drank – drunk'' (class III). These are traditionally divided into four “Principal Parts”: The first is the base of the infinitive, present participle, present indicative and subjunctive tenses, and the imperatives. The second principal part is used to form the preterit singular. The third is the preterit plural and all of the subjunctive. (This is usually umlauted in the subjunctive.) Finally the fourth principal part is the root of the past participle.

	====Strong Verbs: Class I (ī – ǣ – i – i)====		====Strong Verbs: Class I (ī – ǣ – i – i)====
	{{Template:Valthungian/v.st.1p\|grī\|grǣ\|gri}}		{{Template:Valthungian/v.st.1p\|grī\|grǣ\|gri}}