Hakdor - Revision history

Jamin: /* Verbs */

2022-06-06T18:35:34Z

Verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:35, 6 June 2022
Line 626:		Line 626:
	\|}		\|}

	Yet as few verbs as there are, every clause requires one. Usually, what we generally think of as the verb of a clause is a noun which changes meaning when used as the direct object of a verb. For example, “to look at” translates as iit luuat ‘to throw eyes’, but you might think of it as the more ~~melodius~~ “to cast a glance.” In fact, all sensing words use iit as their verb, though “cast an ear” (iit siiek, ‘listen’) or ‘cast an eye’ (iit luuat, ‘look’) sound a little nicer to our ears than ‘throw a nose’ (iit safiu, ‘smell’) or ‘hurl a tongue’ (iit ruhac, ‘taste’).		Yet as few verbs as there are, every clause requires one. Usually, what we generally think of as the verb of a clause is a noun which changes meaning when used as the direct object of a verb. For example, “to look at” translates as iit luuat ‘to throw eyes’, but you might think of it as the more melodious “to cast a glance.” In fact, all sensing words use iit as their verb, though “cast an ear” (iit siiek, ‘listen’) or ‘cast an eye’ (iit luuat, ‘look’) sound a little nicer to our ears than ‘throw a nose’ (iit safiu, ‘smell’) or ‘hurl a tongue’ (iit ruhac, ‘taste’).

	====Particles====		====Particles====

Jamin: /* Colours */

2022-06-06T16:33:15Z

Colours

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:33, 6 June 2022
Line 401:		Line 401:
	\| height=90 style="background-color: #000000;"\| '''''[[hul#Hakdor\|hul]]''<br />black'''<br />#000000		\| height=90 style="background-color: #000000;"\| '''''[[hul#Hakdor\|hul]]''<br />black'''<br />#000000
	\|}		\|}

			===Numerals===
			The Hakdor numerals are hexadecimal; that is, base-16. For hexadecimal transcription, 〈A〉 is used to represent ‘ten’, 〈B〉 for ‘eleven’, 〈C〉 for ‘twelve’ , 〈D〉 for ‘thirteen’ , 〈E〉 for ‘fourteen’ , and 〈F〉 for ‘fifteen’. Decimal equivalents are given in parentheses after the hexadecimal.

			While there are words for exponents – like hundred, thousand, million, and so on – most numbers are simply read as strings of digits from left to right. So 4EB6 (20,150 in decimal) is spoken: '''''[[ual#Hakdor\|ual]]-[[ruk#Hakdor\|ruk]]-[[tin#Hakdor\|tin]]-[[kut#Hakdor\|kut]]'''''. As a result, two additional number terms are common in Hakdor: '''''[[lalah#Hakdor\|lalah]]''''', which we might translate as “double-zero,” and '''''[[lalalah#Hakdor\|lalalah]]''''', which I’ll leave to you to figure out. So “100” is as likely to be pronounced '''''[[kir#Hakdor\|kir]]-[[lalah#Hakdor\|lalah]]''''' as '''''[[ren#Hakdor\|ren]]'''''.

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

Jamin: /* Adjectives */

2022-06-01T15:49:47Z

Adjectives

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:49, 1 June 2022
Line 378:		Line 378:
	Adjectives exclusively follow the nouns they modify. E.g.		Adjectives exclusively follow the nouns they modify. E.g.
	* '''''[[nuqiu#Hakdor\|nuqiu]] [[seu#Hakdor\|seu]]''''' ‘green grass’.		* '''''[[nuqiu#Hakdor\|nuqiu]] [[seu#Hakdor\|seu]]''''' ‘green grass’.
			* '''''[[henut#Hakdor\|henut]] [[heq#Hakdor\|heq]]''''' ‘dirty fingernails’.
			* '''''[[lehil#Hakdor\|lehil]] [[kit#Hakdor\|kit]]''''' ‘few’.
	When used as a predicate, the adjective is considered the direct object and fulfills the object role without the need of the expletive pronoun. E.g.		When used as a predicate, the adjective is considered the direct object and fulfills the object role without the need of the expletive pronoun. E.g.
	* '''''[[sitra#Hakdor\|Sitra]] [[nuqiu#Hakdor\|nuqiu]] [[seu#Hakdor\|seu]].''''' ‘The grass is green.’		* '''''[[sitra#Hakdor\|Sitra]] [[nuqiu#Hakdor\|nuqiu]] [[seu#Hakdor\|seu]].''''' ‘The grass is green.’
			* '''''[[sitra#Hakdor\|Sitra]] [[henut#Hakdor\|henut]] [[heq#Hakdor\|heq]].''''' ‘The fingernails are dirty.’
			But…
			* '''''[[sitra#Hakdor\|Sitra]] [[tis#Hakdor\|tis]] [[lehil#Hakdor\|lehil]] [[kit#Hakdor\|kit]].''''' ‘There are few birds.’
			In the last sentence, “few birds” is the predicate, not just “few,” so the expletive subject '''''[[tis#Hakdor\|tis]]''''' is still required.

	====Colours====		====Colours====

Jamin: /* Noun Phrases */

2022-06-01T15:32:33Z

Noun Phrases

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:32, 1 June 2022
Line 739:		Line 739:

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	!colspan=9 style="text-align: left;"\| ''…tuiuc til ~~serei~~ riqanolis laiatokra tuiuc nurak nucutis cekis.''		!colspan=9 style="text-align: left;"\| ''…tuiuc til serai riqanolis laiatokra tuiuc nurak nucutis cekis.''
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''''[[tui#Hakdor\|tui]][[-uc#Hakdor\|-uc]]'''''		\| '''''[[tui#Hakdor\|tui]][[-uc#Hakdor\|-uc]]'''''

Jamin: /* Conjunctions */

2022-06-01T15:30:43Z

Conjunctions

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:30, 1 June 2022
Line 715:		Line 715:
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}

			The particles '''''[[la#Hakdor\|la]]''''' and '''''[[na#Hakdor\|na]]''''' may operate as independent words, or as prefixes where they occur directly before a verb.

	==Syntax==		==Syntax==

Jamin: /* Relative Clauses */

2022-06-01T04:41:54Z

Relative Clauses

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:41, 1 June 2022
Line 817:		Line 817:

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	!colspan=9 style="text-align: left;"\| ''Sidra tuiuc nurak ~~'''la'''iatokra '''~~tuiuc~~'''~~ iului ciqisis cekis.''		!colspan=9 style="text-align: left;"\| ''Sidra tuiuc nurak laiatokra tuiuc iului ciqisis cekis.''
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''''[[sitra#Hakdor\|sit]][[ra#Hakdor\|-ra]]'''''		\| '''''[[sitra#Hakdor\|sit]][[ra#Hakdor\|-ra]]'''''
Line 850:		Line 850:
	\|-		\|-
	\|colspan=9\| That is the dog who ate my fish.		\|colspan=9\| That is the dog who ate my fish.
			\|}

			{\| class="wikitable"
			!colspan=9 style="text-align: left;"\| ''Sitra nuqiu nec la kanuc pasra tis ioruier iuueqis.''
			\|-
			\| '''''[[sitra#Hakdor\|sit]][[ra#Hakdor\|-ra]]'''''
			\| '''''[[nuqiu#Hakdor\|nuqiu]]'''''
			\| '''''[[nec#Hakdor\|nec]]'''''
			\| '''''[[la#Hakdor\|la]]'''''
			\| '''''[[kanuc#Hakdor\|kan-uc]]'''''
			\| '''''[[pasra#Hakdor\|pas]][[ra#Hakdor\|-ra]]'''''
			\| '''''[[tis#Hakdor\|tis]]'''''
			\| '''''[[ioruier#Hakdor\|iorui-er]]'''''
			\| '''''[[iuueq#Hakdor\|iuueq]][[-is#Hakdor\|-is]]'''''
			\|-
			\| <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">cop-vrb</span>
			\| grass
			\| wet
			\| <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">rel</span>
			\| time-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">dst</span>
			\| fall-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">vrb</span>
			\| it
			\| water-particle
			\| sky-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">gen</span>
			\|-
			\| is
			\| grass
			\| wet
			\| that
			\| when
			\| falls
			\| (it)
			\|colspan=2\| rain
			\|-
			\|colspan=9\| The grass is wet when it rains.
	\|}		\|}

Jamin: /* Relative Clauses */

2022-06-01T04:34:35Z

Relative Clauses

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:34, 1 June 2022
Line 815:		Line 815:
	===Relative Clauses===		===Relative Clauses===
	Relative clauses are formed by using the distal correlatives as relative conjunctions. If the correlative is a pronoun, it usually takes the place of the subject or object of the verb. Relative clauses follow the noun they modify. E.g.		Relative clauses are formed by using the distal correlatives as relative conjunctions. If the correlative is a pronoun, it usually takes the place of the subject or object of the verb. Relative clauses follow the noun they modify. E.g.

			{\| class="wikitable"
			!colspan=9 style="text-align: left;"\| ''Sidra tuiuc nurak '''la'''iatokra '''tuiuc''' iului ciqisis cekis.''
			\|-
			\| '''''[[sitra#Hakdor\|sit]][[ra#Hakdor\|-ra]]'''''
			\| '''''[[tuiuc#Hakdor\|tui-uc]]'''''
			\| '''''[[nurak#Hakdor\|nurak]]'''''
			\| '''''[[la#Hakdor\|la-]]'''''
			\| '''''[[ia-#Hakdor\|ia-]][[tokra#Hakdor\|tok]][[ra#Hakdor\|-ra]]'''''
			\| '''''[[tuiuc#Hakdor\|tui-uc]]'''''
			\| '''''[[iului#Hakdor\|iului]]'''''
			\| '''''[[ciqis#Hakdor\|ciqis]][[-is#Hakdor\|-is]]'''''
			\| '''''[[cek#Hakdor\|cek]][[-is#Hakdor\|-is]]'''''
			\|-
			\| <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">cop-vrb</span>
			\| one-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">dst</span>
			\| dog
			\| <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">rel</span>-
			\| <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">pst</span>-take-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">vrb</span>
			\| one-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">dst</span>
			\| fruit
			\| fish-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">gen</span>
			\| <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">1sg-gen</span>
			\|-
			\| is
			\| that one
			\| dog
			\| who
			\| took
			\| that one
			\| food
			\| of fish
			\| of me
			\|-
			\|colspan=9\| That is the dog who ate my fish.
			\|}

	==Vocabulary==		==Vocabulary==

	* '''[[:Category: Hakdor words\|Hakdor words]]'''		* '''[[:Category: Hakdor words\|Hakdor words]]'''

Jamin: /* Relative Clauses */

2022-06-01T04:21:07Z

Relative Clauses

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:21, 1 June 2022
Line 814:		Line 814:

	===Relative Clauses===		===Relative Clauses===
			Relative clauses are formed by using the distal correlatives as relative conjunctions. If the correlative is a pronoun, it usually takes the place of the subject or object of the verb. Relative clauses follow the noun they modify. E.g.

	==Vocabulary==		==Vocabulary==

	* '''[[:Category: Hakdor words\|Hakdor words]]'''		* '''[[:Category: Hakdor words\|Hakdor words]]'''

Jamin: /* Basic Word Order & Alignments */

2022-06-01T04:19:08Z

Basic Word Order & Alignments

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:19, 1 June 2022
Line 725:		Line 725:

	====Noun Phrases====		====Noun Phrases====
	The standard order ot most noun phrases is:		The standard order of most noun phrases is:
	# '''Noun'''		# <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">'''Noun'''</span>
	# Demonstrative		# Demonstrative
	# Adjective (phrase)		# Adjective (phrase)
Line 774:		Line 774:
	====Adjective Phrases====		====Adjective Phrases====
	Degree adverbs precede the adjective they modify:		Degree adverbs precede the adjective they modify:
			# <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">'''Adjective'''</span>
			# Degree Adverb (very, such, barely, quite, occasionally...)
			E.g. ‘That was a very good dog,’ would be literally, ‘Was that-one dog good very.’
			{\| class="wikitable"
			!colspan=5 style="text-align: left;"\| ''Iasitra tuiuc nurak tar pen.''
			\|-
			\| '''''[[ia-#Hakdor\|ia-]][[sitra#Hakdor\|sit]][[ra#Hakdor\|-ra]]'''''
			\| '''''[[tuiuc#Hakdor\|tui-uc]]'''''
			\| '''''[[nurak#Hakdor\|nurak]]'''''
			\| '''''[[tar#Hakdor\|tar]]'''''
			\| '''''[[pen#Hakdor\|pen]]'''''
			\|-
			\| <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">pst-cop-vrb</span>
			\| one-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">dst</span>
			\| dog
			\| good
			\| <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">aug</span>
			\|-
			\| was
			\| that one
			\| dog
			\| good
			\| very
			\|-
			\|colspan=5\| That was a very good dog.
			\|}

	====Verb Phrases====		====Verb Phrases====
			The standard order of most verb phrases is:
			# Conjunction
			# Adverb
			# Particles (tense, aspect, mood, &c)
			# Negative Marker
			# <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">'''Verb'''</span>
			# Subject
			# Direct Object
			# Indirect Object
			# Temporal/Spatial Adverb or Phrase(s)

	===Relative Clauses===		===Relative Clauses===

Jamin: /* Adjective Phrases */

2022-06-01T04:08:08Z

Adjective Phrases

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:08, 1 June 2022
Line 773:		Line 773:

	====Adjective Phrases====		====Adjective Phrases====
			Degree adverbs precede the adjective they modify:

	====Verb Phrases====		====Verb Phrases====